Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Research Enhancing Acidic Mine Wastewater Purification: Innovations in Red Mud–Loess
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2050; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092050 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the adsorption of cadmium (Cd) by red mud–loess mixed materials and assesses the influence of quartz sand content on permeability. Shear tests are conducted using various pore solutions to analyze shear strength parameters. The research validates solidification methods for cadmium-contaminated
[...] Read more.
This study investigates the adsorption of cadmium (Cd) by red mud–loess mixed materials and assesses the influence of quartz sand content on permeability. Shear tests are conducted using various pore solutions to analyze shear strength parameters. The research validates solidification methods for cadmium-contaminated soils and utilizes SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XRD analysis to elucidate remediation mechanisms. The findings suggest that the quartz sand content crucially affects the permeability of fine-grained red mud–loess mixtures. The optimal proportion of quartz sand is over 80%, significantly enhancing permeability, reaching a coefficient of 6.7 × 10−4 cm/s. Insufficient quartz sand content of less than 80% fails to meet the barrier permeability standards, leading to a reduced service life of the engineered barrier. Adsorption tests were conducted using various pore solutions, including distilled water, acidic solutions, and solutions containing Cd, to evaluate the adsorption capacity and shear characteristics of the red mud–loess mixture. Additionally, the study examines the behavior of Cd-loaded red mud–loess mixtures in various pore solutions, revealing strain-hardening trends and alterations in cohesiveness and internal friction angle with increasing Cd concentrations. The analysis of cement–red mud–loess-solidified soil demonstrates enhancements in soil structure and strength over time, attributed to the formation of crystalline structures and mineral formations induced by the curing agent. These findings provide valuable insights into the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Profile Optimisation of a Solid Modular Hob in the Machining of Gears Made of Classic and Unusual, Innovative Materials
by
Andrzej Piotrowski and Artur Tyliszczak
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2049; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092049 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Modular hobs are tools with very complex geometry. Regardless of the material of the gear wheels, they determine the accuracy of the gears made in the hobbing machining process. Gears are made of various, often innovative materials depending on the requirements. Sometimes, the
[...] Read more.
Modular hobs are tools with very complex geometry. Regardless of the material of the gear wheels, they determine the accuracy of the gears made in the hobbing machining process. Gears are made of various, often innovative materials depending on the requirements. Sometimes, the materials are characterised by very high hardness (over 65 HRC). The mathematical basis for describing the faces of a hob presented in the article allows for modifying the rack profile shaping the gear wheel’s teeth. The model’s universality makes it possible to perform numerical simulations of the influence of individual parameters of the hob creation process (geometry of the grinding wheels and their setting in the shaping process) on the profile of the rake and flank surfaces. The cutting edge (rack edge) is the locus of points belonging to both of these surfaces and thus directly impacts the accuracy of the gear wheel that is shaped in the hobbing process. The article summarises the authors’ long-term cooperation with the industry, resulting in a series of articles devoted to hobs. The issues presented in the article are significant to the machinery industry and hob manufacturers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation of Non-typical and Innovative Materials)
Open AccessArticle
The Use of Wind Turbine Blades to Build Road Noise Barriers as an Example of a Circular Economy Model
by
Mirosław Broniewicz, Anna Halicka, Lidia Buda-Ożóg, Filip Broniewicz, Damian Nykiel and Łukasz Jabłoński
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2048; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092048 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This project’s objective was to create a circular economy in the composites sector by examining the possibility of using wind turbine blade composite materials to construct noise-absorbing barriers for roads. The possibility of constructing road noise barrier panels from components obtained from turbine
[...] Read more.
This project’s objective was to create a circular economy in the composites sector by examining the possibility of using wind turbine blade composite materials to construct noise-absorbing barriers for roads. The possibility of constructing road noise barrier panels from components obtained from turbine blades was conceptually examined, and the geometry and construction of wind turbine blades were evaluated for their suitability as filler components for panels. The tensile strength parameters of two types of composites made from windmill blades—a solid composite and a sandwich type—were established based on material tests. The strength of the composite elements cut from a windmill propeller was analyzed, and a three-dimensional numerical model was created using the finite element method. The strength values of the composite used to construct the noise barriers were compared with the stresses resulting from loads operating on the road noise barriers, as determined in compliance with current standards. It was discovered that acoustic screens composed of composite materials derived from wind turbine blades may withstand loads associated with wind pressure and vehicle traffic with sufficient resistance. In order to evaluate the environmental benefits resulting from the use of composite material made from wind turbine blades to make noise barriers, this study presents the values of the embodied energy and embodied carbon for several types of road noise barriers using life cycle assessment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing of Porous Acoustic Structures and Metamaterials)
Open AccessArticle
Design and In Vitro Activity of Furcellaran/Chitosan Multilayer Microcapsules for the Delivery of Glutathione and Empty Model Multilayer Microcapsules Based on Polysaccharides
by
Mariola Drozdowska, Ewelina Piasna-Słupecka, Aleksandra Such, Kinga Dziadek, Paweł Krzyściak, Tomasz Kruk, Dorota Duraczyńska, Małgorzata Morawska-Tota and Ewelina Jamróz
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2047; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092047 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this study, multilayer microcapsules (two-layer and four-layer) based on furcellaran (FUR) and chitosan (CHIT) were produced, enclosing a tripeptide with an antioxidant effect—glutathione—in different concentrations. In addition, for the first time, an empty, four-layer microcapsule based on CHIT and FUR (ECAPS) was
[...] Read more.
In this study, multilayer microcapsules (two-layer and four-layer) based on furcellaran (FUR) and chitosan (CHIT) were produced, enclosing a tripeptide with an antioxidant effect—glutathione—in different concentrations. In addition, for the first time, an empty, four-layer microcapsule based on CHIT and FUR (ECAPS) was obtained, which can be used to contain sensitive, active substances of a hydrophobic nature. Layering was monitored using zeta potential, and the presence of the resulting capsules was confirmed by SEM imaging. In the current study, we also investigated whether the studied capsules had any effect on the Hep G2 cancer cell line. An attempt was also made to identify the possible molecular mechanism(s) by which the examined capsules suppressed the growth of Hep G2 cells. In this report, we demonstrate that the capsules suppressed the growth of cancer cells. This mechanism was linked to the modulation of the AKT/PI3K signaling pathway and the induction of the G2/M arrest cell cycle. Furthermore, the results indicate that the tested multilayer microcapsules induced cell death through an apoptotic pathway.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Controlling the Size of Hydrotalcite Particles and Its Impact on the Thermal Insulation Capabilities of Coatings
by
Yanhua Zhao, Guanhua Shen, Yongli Wang, Xiangying Hao and Huining Li
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2046; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092046 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of high-performance insulation materials to address the critical issue of reducing building energy consumption. Magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDHs), known for their distinctive layered structure featuring positively charged brucite-like layers and an interlayer space, have been identified
[...] Read more.
This study focuses on the development of high-performance insulation materials to address the critical issue of reducing building energy consumption. Magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDHs), known for their distinctive layered structure featuring positively charged brucite-like layers and an interlayer space, have been identified as promising candidates for insulation applications. Building upon previous research, which demonstrated the enhanced thermal insulation properties of methyl trimethoxysilane (MTS) functionalized LDHs synthesized through a one-step in situ hydrothermal method, this work delves into the systematic exploration of particle size regulation and its consequential effects on the thermal insulation performance of coatings. Our findings indicate a direct correlation between the dosage of MTS and the particle size of LDHs, with an optimal dosage of 4 wt% MTS yielding LDHs that exhibit a tightly interconnected hydrotalcite lamellar structure. This specific modification resulted in the most significant improvement in thermal insulation, achieving a temperature difference of approximately 25.5 °C. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding of the thermal insulation mechanism of MTS-modified LDHs, we conducted a thorough characterization of their UV-visible diffuse reflectance and thermal conductivity. This research contributes to the advancement of LDH-based materials for use in thermal insulation applications, offering a sustainable solution to energy conservation in the built environment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Surface Modification and Characterization)
Open AccessArticle
The Influence of Thickness on Light Transmission for Pre- and Fully Crystallized Chairside CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Ceramics
by
Franciele Floriani, Salahaldeen Abuhammoud, Silvia Rojas-Rueda, Amit Unnadkat, Nicholas G. Fischer, Chin-Chuan Fu and Carlos A. Jurado
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2045; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092045 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Aim: This in vitro study aimed to compare the light-transmission properties of two chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate (LD) ceramics (a novel fully crystallized and a traditional pre-crystallized) across varying thicknesses. Materials and Methods: One hundred flat specimens were obtained from precrystallized (e.max CAD,
[...] Read more.
Aim: This in vitro study aimed to compare the light-transmission properties of two chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate (LD) ceramics (a novel fully crystallized and a traditional pre-crystallized) across varying thicknesses. Materials and Methods: One hundred flat specimens were obtained from precrystallized (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and fully crystallized (LiSi GC Block; GC, Tokyo, Japan) LD at five different thicknesses (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.50 and 2.0 mm). All specimens were polished with a polishing system for lithium disilicate restorations following recommendations from the manufacturer. Light transmission was evaluated with a radiometer. The statistical analysis between e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block was performed using a Mann–Whitney test for each thickness at a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05), followed by a Kruskal–Wallis test to compare the light transmission between the thicknesses of e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block. Results: Light transmittance was significantly affected by ceramic thickness. The 0.5 mm thick specimens exhibited the highest transmittance values compared to all other groups, while a light transmittance of 0.00 was observed in the 2.0 mm thick specimens for both e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block. In the comparison between e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block according to thickness, there was a statistically significant difference exclusively between groups with a thickness of 1.50 mm (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Light transmission for pre- and fully crystallized CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics only showed a statistical difference at the thickness of 1.50 mm (p = 0.002). E.max CAD demonstrated acceptable light transmission up to a thickness of 1.5 mm. Clinical Significance: A thickness of 2 mm for chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics, whether pre-crystallized or fully crystallized, necessitates the use of dual-cure resin luting cement due to reduced light transmission.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characteristics of Dental Ceramics)
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing the Machining Performance of Nomex Honeycomb Composites Using Rotary Ultrasonic Machining: A Finite Element Analysis Approach
by
Tarik Zarrouk, Jamal-Eddine Salhi, Mohammed Nouari and Abdelilah Bouali
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2044; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092044 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Nomex honeycomb composites (NHCs) are commonly used in various industrial sectors such as aerospace and automotive sectors due to their excellent material properties. However, when machining this type of structure, problems can arise due to significant cutting forces and unwanted cell vibrations. In
[...] Read more.
Nomex honeycomb composites (NHCs) are commonly used in various industrial sectors such as aerospace and automotive sectors due to their excellent material properties. However, when machining this type of structure, problems can arise due to significant cutting forces and unwanted cell vibrations. In order to remedy these shortcomings, this study proposes to integrate RUM (rotary ultrasonic machining) technology, which consists of applying ultrasonic vibrations along the axis of rotation of the cutter. To fully understand the milling process by ultrasonic vibrations of the NHC structure, a 3D numerical finite element model is developed using Abaqus/Explicit software. The results of the comparative analysis between the components of the simulated cutting forces and those from the experiment indicate a close agreement between the developed model and the experimental results. Based on the developed numerical model, this study comprehensively analyzes the influence of the ultrasonic vibration amplitude on various aspects, such as stress distribution in the cutting zone, chip size, the quality of the machined surface and the components of the cutting force. Ultimately, the results demonstrate that the application of ultrasonic vibrations leads to a reduction of up to 50% in the components of the cutting force, as well as an improvement in the quality of the machined surface and a reduction in the size of chips.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Machining and Micro-/Nano Manufacturing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Impact of the Composition on the Properties of Simulated Lunar Mare Basalt Fibers
by
Jin Liu, Lida Luo, Jiali Xu, Xiaoxu Zhu, Guoying Shi and Qingwei Wang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2043; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092043 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Lunar mare basalt is recognized as an important in situ resource on the lunar surface. However, the significant compositional variability of lunar mare basalts introduces uncertainties concerning the potential for their use in fabricating fibers and composite materials. This study investigates the impact
[...] Read more.
Lunar mare basalt is recognized as an important in situ resource on the lunar surface. However, the significant compositional variability of lunar mare basalts introduces uncertainties concerning the potential for their use in fabricating fibers and composite materials. This study investigates the impact of different components on the fiber-forming capabilities of mare basalts by simulating the compositions of basalts collected from several well-known lunar missions and then preparing simulated lunar mare basalt fibers. Raman spectroscopy is primarily employed for analysis and characterization, using “peak area normalization” to explore the impact of compositional fluctuations in the simulated lunar mare basalts on the glass network structure. The findings indicate that an increase in the Fe content raises the likelihood of basalt fibers crystallizing. Additionally, Fe3+ is shown to substitute for Si and Al in constructing bridging oxygen bonds in the network structure, albeit reducing the overall polymerization of the network. Meanwhile, Fe2+ acts as a network modifier to enhance the mechanical properties of the fibers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Ceramic and Glass Materials: Preparation, Characterization and Applications—2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Study on the Molding Factors of Preparing High-Strength Laminated Bamboo Composites
by
Leufouesangou Colince, Jun Qian, Jian Zhang, Chunbiao Wu and Liyuan Yu
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2042; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092042 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
To promote the development of the ‘Bamboo as a Substitute for Steel’ proposal, rotary cut bamboo veneers were applied to prepare a kind of high-strength laminated bamboo composite, which was achieved through the hot press molding method in this study. Orthogonal experiments of
[...] Read more.
To promote the development of the ‘Bamboo as a Substitute for Steel’ proposal, rotary cut bamboo veneers were applied to prepare a kind of high-strength laminated bamboo composite, which was achieved through the hot press molding method in this study. Orthogonal experiments of L9 (33) were performed, with hot-pressing temperature, pressure, and time considered as three influencing factors. Physical properties like density and moisture content, and mechanical properties like modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), shear strength, and compressive strength were tested for the samples. It can be obtained from the results of range analysis and ANOVA that higher density and lower moisture content were correlated with higher mechanical strength. Within the selected range of tested factors, a hot-pressing temperature and time of 150 °C and 10 min can contribute to higher density and lower moisture content, and the combination of 150 °C and 50 MPa can produce greater mechanical strength. In the thickness direction, the laminated bamboo composites displayed a notable compressed structure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Development of New Composite Materials by Modifying the Surface of Porous Hydroxyapatite Using Cucurbit[n]urils
by
Tolkynay Burkhanbayeva, Arthur Ukhov, Dmitry Fedorishin, Alexander Gubankov, Irina Kurzina, Abdigali Bakibaev, Rakhmetulla Yerkassov, Togzhan Mashan, Faiziya Suyundikova, Nurgul Nurmukhanbetova and Aina Khamitova
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092041 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study represents an advancement in the field of composite material engineering, focusing on the synthesis of composite materials derived from porous hydroxyapatite via surface modification employing cucurbit[n]urils, which are highly promising macrocyclic compounds. The surface modification procedure entailed the application of cucurbit[n]urils
[...] Read more.
This study represents an advancement in the field of composite material engineering, focusing on the synthesis of composite materials derived from porous hydroxyapatite via surface modification employing cucurbit[n]urils, which are highly promising macrocyclic compounds. The surface modification procedure entailed the application of cucurbit[n]urils in an aqueous medium onto the hydroxyapatite surface. A comprehensive characterization of the resulting materials was undertaken, employing analytical techniques including infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the materials were subjected to rigorous evaluation for their hemolytic effect, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity. Remarkably, the findings revealed a notable absence of typical hemolytic effects in materials incorporating surface-bound cucurbit[n]urils. This observation underscores the potential of these modified materials as biocompatible alternatives. Notably, this discovery presents a promising avenue for the fabrication of resilient and efficient biocomposites, offering a viable alternative to conventional approaches. Furthermore, these findings hint at the prospect of employing supramolecular strategies involving encapsulated cucurbit[n]urils in analogous processes. This suggests a novel direction for further research, potentially unlocking new frontiers in material engineering through the exploitation of supramolecular interactions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Mechanical, Thermal and Induction Healing Properties of Asphalt Wearing Course with Steel Fibers
by
Wei Liu, Shaopeng Wu, Quantao Liu, Jiazhu Wang, Pei Wan, Haiqin Xu and Qi Jiang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2040; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092040 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Induction healing technology can effectively repair microcracks in asphalt mixtures and is a promising maintenance technology for asphalt pavements. However, it requires the addition of steel wool fibers to asphalt mixtures and cannot be directly used to repair existing pavements. In order to
[...] Read more.
Induction healing technology can effectively repair microcracks in asphalt mixtures and is a promising maintenance technology for asphalt pavements. However, it requires the addition of steel wool fibers to asphalt mixtures and cannot be directly used to repair existing pavements. In order to improve the practicality of the induction healing technology, this article designs a wearing course asphalt mixture with induction healing function that is going to be paved above the existing road surface. The AC-10 asphalt wearing course for induction heating was prepared by adding steel fiber (SF). Analysis of the overall temperature of the surface revealed the unevenness of the temperature distribution, and the healing properties were investigated through protective heating that controlled the maximum temperature of the upper surface. The results show that the addition of SF can improve the high-temperature stability, low-temperature and intermediate-temperature crack resistance, and moisture stability of asphalt wearing courses; however, it has adverse effects on volumetric performance and skid resistance. The heating temperature increases with the increase in SF content, but higher maximum temperature heating rate causes worse heating uniformity and lower healing effect. The maximum heating rate of the sample with 10% SF reaches 3.92 °C/s, while its heating rate at minimum temperature is similar to that of the sample with 6% SF, which is only 0.7 °C/s, indicating the worst heating uniformity. The best healing effect occurs when the maximum temperature of the upper surface reaches 160 °C. The recommended optimal SF content is 6% of the asphalt volume. The asphalt mixture with 6% SF has an appropriate volume performance, moisture stability, and skid resistance; additionally, it has the best high-temperature stability, as well as low-temperature and intermediate-temperature crack resistance. Meanwhile, it also has uniform temperature distribution and efficient healing efficiency.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Dual-Emission Origins in Bi3+-Doped M2O3 Sesquioxides (M = Sc, Y, Gd and Lu): A First-Principles Study
by
Haonian Bai, Bibo Lou, Mekhrdod S. Kurboniyon, Andrzej Suchocki, Mikhail G. Brik, Jing Wang and Chonggeng Ma
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2039; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092039 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Bi3+-doped sesquioxides exhibit dual emissions, marked by distinct Stokes shift and bandwidth, meaning unraveling their underlying origins is particularly intriguing. In this study, we employ first-principles calculations to investigate the luminescence mechanisms within the M2O3:Bi3+ (
[...] Read more.
Bi3+-doped sesquioxides exhibit dual emissions, marked by distinct Stokes shift and bandwidth, meaning unraveling their underlying origins is particularly intriguing. In this study, we employ first-principles calculations to investigate the luminescence mechanisms within the M2O3:Bi3+ (M = Sc, Y, Gd, Lu) series, with the goal of addressing the posed inquiry. Our investigation commences with the analysis of the site occupancy and charge state of bismuth ions in the two cationic sites through formation energy calculations. Additionally, we examine the local coordination environments for various excited states of Bi3+ dopants, including the 3P0,1 state and two types of charge transfer states, by evaluating their equilibrium geometric structures. The utilization of the hybrid functional enables us to obtain results of electronic structures and optical properties comparable with experiments. Importantly, the calculated energies for the 6s-6p transitions of Bi3+ dopants in the M2O3 series align well with the observed dual-emission energies. This alignment challenges the conventional spectroscopic sense that emission bands with large Stokes shifts can be exclusively ascribed to charge transfer transitions. Consequently, the integration of experimental and theoretical approaches emerges as the optimal strategy for designing novel Bi3+-doped phosphors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glasses and Ceramics for Luminescence Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamics of Dental Enamel Surface Remineralization under the Action of Toothpastes with Substituted Hydroxyapatite and Birch Extract
by
Cristina Teodora Dobrota, Alexandra-Diana Florea, Csaba-Pal Racz, Gheorghe Tomoaia, Olga Soritau, Alexandra Avram, Horea-Rares-Ciprian Benea, Cristina Lavinia Rosoiu, Aurora Mocanu, Sorin Riga, Attila-Zsolt Kun and Maria Tomoaia-Cotisel
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2038; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092038 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
To address tooth enamel demineralization resulting from factors such as acid erosion, abrasion, and chronic illness treatments, it is important to develop effective daily dental care products promoting enamel preservation and surface remineralization. This study focused on formulating four toothpastes, each containing calcined
[...] Read more.
To address tooth enamel demineralization resulting from factors such as acid erosion, abrasion, and chronic illness treatments, it is important to develop effective daily dental care products promoting enamel preservation and surface remineralization. This study focused on formulating four toothpastes, each containing calcined synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) in distinct compositions, each at 4%, along with 1.3% birch extract. Substitution elements were introduced within the HAP structure to enhance enamel remineralization. The efficacy of each toothpaste formulation was evaluated for repairing enamel and for establishing the dynamic of the remineralization. This was performed by using an in vitro assessment of artificially demineralized enamel slices. The structural HAP features explored by XRD and enamel surface quality by AFM revealed notable restorative properties of these toothpastes. Topographic images and the self-assembly of HAP nanoparticles into thin films on enamel surfaces showcased the formulations’ effectiveness. Surface roughness was evaluated through statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by post-test Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test with a p value < 0.05 significance setting. Remarkably, enamel nanostructure normalization was observed within a short 10-day period of toothpaste treatment. Optimal remineralization for all toothpastes was reached after about 30 days of treatment. These toothpastes containing birch extract also have a dual function of mineralizing enamel while simultaneously promoting enamel health and restoration.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Utilizing Wheel Washing Machine Sludge as a Cement Substitute in Repair Mortar: An Experimental Investigation into Material Characteristics
by
Changhwan Jang and Tadesse Natoli Abebe
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2037; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092037 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The construction industry strives for sustainable solutions to tackle environmental challenges and optimize resource use. One such focus area is the management of industrial byproducts and waste materials, including fugitive dust control through wheel washers. While wheel washers play a pivotal role in
[...] Read more.
The construction industry strives for sustainable solutions to tackle environmental challenges and optimize resource use. One such focus area is the management of industrial byproducts and waste materials, including fugitive dust control through wheel washers. While wheel washers play a pivotal role in dust management, they generate a challenging byproduct known as wheel washer sludge (WWS). The disposal of WWS is complicated due to its composition and potential hazards. Recent research explores reusing WWS in construction materials, particularly in repair mortar, aiming for sustainability and circular economy principles. This study investigates the incorporation of WWS into repair mortar formulations, evaluating mechanical properties, durability, and environmental implications. Results show that WWS enhances workability but prolongs setting time. Mechanical strength tests reveal improvements with WWS addition, especially when pretreated. Water absorption rates decrease with pretreated WWS, indicating enhanced durability. Chemical attack tests demonstrate resistance to carbonation and chloride penetration, especially with modified WWS. Freeze–thaw tests reveal improved resistance with WWS addition, particularly modified. Microstructure analysis confirms hydration products and denser matrices with WWS inclusion. Environmental hazard analysis shows WWS contains no harmful heavy metals, indicating its suitability for use in repairs. Overall, this study highlights the technical feasibility and environmental benefits of incorporating WWS into repair mortar, contributing to sustainable construction practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Construction Materials and Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring of Infrastructures)
Open AccessArticle
A New Double-Step Process of Shortening Fibers without Change in Molding Equipment Followed by Electron Beam to Strengthen Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester BMC
by
Michael C. Faudree and Yoshitake Nishi
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2036; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092036 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
It is vital to maximize the safety of outdoor constructions, airplanes, and space vehicles by protecting against the impact of airborne debris from increasing winds due to climate change, or from bird strikes or micrometeoroids. In a widely-used compression-molded short glass fiber polyester
[...] Read more.
It is vital to maximize the safety of outdoor constructions, airplanes, and space vehicles by protecting against the impact of airborne debris from increasing winds due to climate change, or from bird strikes or micrometeoroids. In a widely-used compression-molded short glass fiber polyester bulk-molded compound (SGFRP-BMC) with 55% wt. CaCO3 filler, the center of the mother panel has lower impact strength than the outer sections with solidification texture angles and short glass fiber (SGF) orientations being random from 0 to 90 degrees. Therefore, a new double-step process of: (1) reducing commercial fiber length without change in molding equipment; followed by a (2) 0.86 MGy dose of homogeneous low-voltage electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) to both sides of the finished samples requiring no chemicals or additives, which is shown to increase the Charpy impact value (auc) about 50% from 6.26 to 9.59 kJm−2 at median-accumulative probability of fracture, Pf = 0.500. Shortening the SGFs results in higher fiber spacing density, Sf, as the thermal compressive stress site proliferation by action of the CTE difference between the matrix and SGF while the composite cools and shrinks. To boost impact strength further, HLEBI provides additional nano-compressive stresses by generating dangling bonds (DBs) creating repulsive forces while increasing SGF/matrix adhesion. Increased internal cracking apparently occurs, raising the auc.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Researches in Polymer and Plastic Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Fabrication of Ciprofloxacin-Immobilized Calcium Phosphate Particles for Dental Drug Delivery
by
Aniruddha Pal, Ayako Oyane, Tomoya Inose, Maki Nakamura, Erika Nishida and Hirofumi Miyaji
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092035 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles with immobilized ciprofloxacin (CF), a commonly prescribed antibacterial agent, via a coprecipitation process using a supersaturated CaP solution. As the
[...] Read more.
Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles with immobilized ciprofloxacin (CF), a commonly prescribed antibacterial agent, via a coprecipitation process using a supersaturated CaP solution. As the aging time in the coprecipitation process increased from 2 to 24 h, the CaP phase in the resulting particles transformed from amorphous to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite, and their Ca/P elemental ratio, yield, and CF content increased. Despite the higher CF content, the particles aged for 24 h displayed a slower release of CF in a physiological salt solution, most likely owing to their crystallized matrix (less soluble hydroxyapatite), than those aged for 2 h, whose matrix was amorphous CaP. Both particles exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activities along with an acid-neutralizing effect against the major oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Actinomyces naeslundii, in a dose-dependent manner, although their dose–response relationship was slightly different. The aging time in the coprecipitation process was identified as a governing factor affecting the physicochemical properties of the resulting CF-immobilized CaP particles and their functionality as a dental disinfectant.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Colloid Mill-Assisted Ultrasonic-Fractional Centrifugal Purification of Low-Grade Attapulgite and Its Modification for Adsorption of Congo Red
by
Xingpeng Wang, Chao Jiang, Huiyu Li, Weiliang Tian, Saeed Ahmed and Yongjun Feng
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2034; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092034 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Attapulgite (APT) is widely used in wastewater treatment due to its exceptional adsorption and colloidal properties, as well as its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. However, low-grade APT generally limits its performance. Here, a colloid mill-assisted ultrasonic-fractional centrifugal purification method was developed to refine low-grade
[...] Read more.
Attapulgite (APT) is widely used in wastewater treatment due to its exceptional adsorption and colloidal properties, as well as its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. However, low-grade APT generally limits its performance. Here, a colloid mill-assisted ultrasonic-fractional centrifugal purification method was developed to refine low-grade APT. This process successfully separated and removed impurity minerals such as quartz and dolomite from the raw ore, resulting in a refined APT purity increase from 16.9% to 60% with a specific surface area of 135.5 m2∙g−1. Further modifying of the refined APT was carried out through the hydrothermal method using varying dosages of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), resulting in the production of four different APT adsorbents denoted as QAPT-n (n = CTAC mole number) ranging from 0.5 to 5 mmol. Using Congo red (CR) as the target pollutant, the QAPT-5 sample exhibited the best adsorption capacity with the maximum quantity of 1652.2 mg∙g−1 in a neutral solution at 30 °C due to the highest surface charge (zeta potential = 8.25 mV). Moreover, the QAPT-5 pellets (~2.0 g adsorbent) shaped by the alginate-assisted molding method removed more than 96% of 200 mL aqueous solution containing 200 mg∙L−1 CR and maintained this efficiency in 10 adsorption–elution cycles, which exhibited the promising practical application.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Functional Materials, Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Analysis of Smart Drilling for the Furniture Industry in the Era of Industry 4.0
by
Krzysztof Szwajka, Joanna Zielińska-Szwajka and Tomasz Trzepieciński
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2033; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092033 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The fact is that hundreds of holes are drilled in the assembly process of furniture sets, so intelligent drilling is a key element in maximizing efficiency. Increasing the feed rate or the cutting speed in materials characterized by a higher machinability index is
[...] Read more.
The fact is that hundreds of holes are drilled in the assembly process of furniture sets, so intelligent drilling is a key element in maximizing efficiency. Increasing the feed rate or the cutting speed in materials characterized by a higher machinability index is necessary. Smart drilling, that is, the real-time adjustment of the cutting parameters, requires the evolution of cutting process variables. In addition, it is necessary to control and adjust the processing parameters in real time. Machinability is one of the most important technological properties in the machining process, enabling the determination of the material’s susceptibility to machining. One of the machinability indicators is the unit cutting resistance. This article proposes a method of material identification using the short-time Fourier transform in order to automatically adjust cutting parameters during drilling based on force signals, cutting torque and acceleration signals. In the tests, four types of wood-based materials were used as the processed material: medium-density fiberboard, chipboard, plywood board and high-pressure laminate. Holes with a diameter of 10 mm were drilled in the test materials, with variable feed rate, cutting speed and thickness of cutting layer. An innovative method for determining the value of unit cutting resistance was proposed. The results obtained were used to determine the machinability index. Based on the test results, it was shown that both the selected signal measures in the time and frequency domains and the unit cutting resistance are constant for a given material of a workpiece and do not depend on the drilling process parameters. In this article, the methodology is proposed, which can be used as an intelligent technique to support the drilling process to detect the material being machined using data from sensors installed on the machine tool. The work proposes the fundamentals for material identification based on the analysis of force signals and the magnitude of force derivatives. The proposed methodology shows effectiveness, which proves that it can be used in intelligent drilling processes. Hybrid wood-based material structures consisting of different materials are becoming more and more common in building structures for strength, economic and environmental reasons. Due to the difference in the machinability of interconnected materials, cutting parameters must be optimized in real time during machining. Currently, with the rapid development of Industry 4.0, the on-line identification of parameters is becoming necessary to improve the process flow in industrial reality. The proposed methodology can be used as an intelligent technique to support the drilling process in order to detect the material being processed using data from sensors installed on the machine tool.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study of Timber and Wood Related Materials—2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Numerical Investigation on the Structural Behavior of a Short-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge with Steel and CFRP Hybrid Cables
by
Chunling Lu, Xiangxiang Wang, Yuwen Ning, Kang Wen and Qiang Wang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092032 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a thorough investigation is presented on the static and dynamic behaviors of a short-span cable-stayed bridge (CSB) incorporating steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hybrid cables. The study focuses on the world’s largest span and China’s first highway, CFRP
[...] Read more.
In this paper, a thorough investigation is presented on the static and dynamic behaviors of a short-span cable-stayed bridge (CSB) incorporating steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hybrid cables. The study focuses on the world’s largest span and China’s first highway, CFRP CSB. The performance of the CSB was compared using numerical simulations under four different cable patterns: steel cables, CFRP cables, and steel, and two types of hybrid cables with different structural arrangements. The results indicate that the use of the use of CFRP cables in the long cable region in the short-span CSB project investigated in this study offers improved performance in terms of stability, seismic response, and reduced displacements. In comparison to CFRP cables, hybrid cables have demonstrated a reduction of 12% in the maximum vertical displacement of the main girder. On the other hand, the hybrid cables result in reduced maximum internal forces and longitudinal and lateral displacements of the main girders and towers compared to steel cables. The difference in the arrangement of CFRP cables in the long cable region or short cable region is not obvious under dead loads, but significant differences still exist between the CFRP cable bridges in the short cable region and the long cable region in terms of live load effects, temperature effects, and dynamic characteristics.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Study of Anisotropic Behavior in Sheet Metal Forming
by
Haibo Wang, Qiang Niu and Yu Yan
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2031; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092031 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Since sheet metal exhibits significant anisotropy in processing and forming, which has a significant impact on its performance during processing, forming, and use, we explore the anisotropic behavior of materials in the forming process of sheet metal. The ability of the Yld2000-2d criterion
[...] Read more.
Since sheet metal exhibits significant anisotropy in processing and forming, which has a significant impact on its performance during processing, forming, and use, we explore the anisotropic behavior of materials in the forming process of sheet metal. The ability of the Yld2000-2d criterion to describe anisotropic behavior is analyzed, and its accuracy for characterization of the anisotropic behavior of metal plates is improved, based on which anisotropic behavior is predicted in three-dimensional space. Theoretical and experimental results on the anisotropy of sheet metal are compared, and two materials, 5754O aluminum alloy and DP980 steel plate, are tested and analyzed, and the anisotropic behaviors, such as three-point bending and cylindrical deep-drawing, are well predicted.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Materials Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Materials, Nanoenergy Advances, Nanomaterials
Applications of Nanomaterials in Energy Systems, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Eleftheria C. Pyrgioti, Ioannis F. Gonos, Diaa-Eldin A. MansourDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topic in
Buildings, Infrastructures, Materials, Smart Cities, Sustainability
Smart Material and Smart Construction Technologies for Urban Development
Topic Editors: Sathees Nava, Kate NguyenDeadline: 14 May 2024
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Processes, Solar, Sustainability
Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic Systems, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Pedro Dinis Gaspar, Pedro Dinho da Silva, Luís C. PiresDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topic in
Bioengineering, JMMP, Materials, Micromachines, Polymers
Advances in Filament Engineering for Biomaterials
Topic Editors: Ming-Wei Chang, Zeeshan Ahmad, Hui-Min David WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Materials
Synthetic and Biologic Materials for Prosthetic and Reconstructive Applications for Musculoskeletal Tissue
Guest Editors: Dante Dallari, Marco GovoniDeadline: 10 May 2024
Special Issue in
Materials
Advanced Electronic Packaging Technology: From Hard to Soft
Guest Editors: Yue Gu, Yongjun HuoDeadline: 20 May 2024
Special Issue in
Materials
Synthesis, Applications and Characterization of Advanced Precious Metal Materials
Guest Editor: Shaohong LiuDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Materials
Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites
Guest Editors: Patricia Krawczak, Salim ChakiDeadline: 10 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Materials
3D Printing in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering
Collection Editor: Filip Górski
Topical Collection in
Materials
Catalysts: Preparation, Catalytic Performance and Catalytic Reaction
Collection Editors: Gina Pecchi, Cristian H. Campos
Topical Collection in
Materials
Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Alloys
Collection Editor: Marián Palcut
Topical Collection in
Materials
Manufacturing Engineering and Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Collection Editor: Aminul Islam