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Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 August 2024 | Viewed by 12150

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Dr. Josip Kranjčić

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Guest Editor

School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: prosthodontics; dental materials; oral rehabilitation; temporomandibular disorders

Dr. Tina Poklepovic Pericic

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Guest Editor

School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Interests: evidence-based dental medicine; evidence synthesis; meta-research; clinical practice guidelines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, the development of dentistry, and thus of dental materials, is very fast. The expectations of patients and the demands of dentists are therefore increasing. Much effort is invested in the development and improvement of the properties of dental materials used in everyday practice. The aesthetic properties of the materials are very important, but so are their mechanical and physical properties, meaning that they can withstand the loads within a very dynamic environment—the oral cavity.

Therefore, the aim of this Special Edition on “Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application” is to present the results of the latest research on the properties of various materials: ceramic, acrylic resin and composite materials and dental alloys, and their application in the field of prosthodontics using analog and digital technologies—additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies.

As Guest Editors of the journal Materials, we would like to invite you to submit a research article, a review paper or a case report to the Special Issue "Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application“.

Dr. Josip Kranjčić
Dr. Tina Poklepovic Pericic
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dental materials
ceramics
dental alloys
composite materials
CAD – CAM technology
dental implants
prosthodontics
fixed prosthodontics
removable dental prosthesis base materials
restorative dentistry

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 4753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress Distribution within the Peri-Implant Bone for Different Implant Materials Obtained by Digital Image Correlation

by Ragai Edward Matta, Lara Berger, Moritz Loehlein, Linus Leven, Juergen Taxis, Manfred Wichmann and Constantin Motel

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092161 - 6 May 2024

Viewed by 349

Abstract

Stress distribution and its magnitude during loading heavily influence the osseointegration of dental implants. Currently, no high-resolution, three-dimensional method of directly measuring these biomechanical processes in the peri-implant bone is available. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of different implant materials on stress distribution in the peri-implant bone. Using the three-dimensional ARAMIS camera system, surface strain in the peri-implant bone area was compared under simulated masticatory forces of 300 N in axial and non-axial directions for titanium implants and zirconia implants. The investigated titanium implants led to a more homogeneous stress distribution than the investigated zirconia implants. Non-axial forces led to greater surface strain on the peri-implant bone than axial forces. Thus, the implant material, implant system, and direction of force could have a significant influence on biomechanical processes and osseointegration within the peri-implant bone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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14 pages, 2181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Strength of Milled and Printed Zirconia to 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (10-MDP) Resin Cement as a Function of Ceramic Conditioning, Disinfection and Ageing

by Wolfgang Bömicke, Franz Sebastian Schwindling, Peter Rammelsberg and Stefan Rues

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092159 - 5 May 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the suitability of printed zirconia (ZrO₂) for adhesive cementation compared to milled ZrO₂. Surface conditioning protocols and disinfection effects on bond strength were also investigated. ZrO₂ discs (n = 14/group) underwent either alumina (Al₂O₃) airborne particle abrasion (APA; 50 µm, 0.10 MPa) or tribochemical silicatisation (TSC; 110 µm Al₂O₃, 0.28 MPa and 110 µm silica-modified Al₂O₃, 0.28 MPa), followed by disinfection (1 min immersion in 70% isopropanol, 15 s water spray, 10 s drying with oil-free air) for half of the discs. A resin cement containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) was used for bonding (for TSC specimens after application of a primer containing silane and 10-MDP). Tensile bond strength was measured after storage for 24 h at 100% relative humidity or after 30 days in water, including 7500 thermocycles. Surface conditioning significantly affected bond strength, with higher values for TSC specimens. Ageing and the interaction of conditioning, disinfection and ageing also impacted bond strength. Disinfection combined with APA mitigated ageing-related bond strength decrease but exacerbated it for TSC specimens. Despite these effects, high bond strengths were maintained even after disinfection and ageing. Adhesive cementation of printed ZrO₂ restorations exhibited comparable bond strengths to milled ZrO₂, highlighting its feasibility in clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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14 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Luting Materials on the Accuracy of Fit of Zirconia Copings: A Non-Destructive Digital Analysis Method

by Lara Berger, Ragai-Edward Matta, Christian Markus Weiß, Werner Adler, Manfred Wichmann and José Ignacio Zorzin

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2130; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092130 - 1 May 2024

Viewed by 306

Abstract

The marginal accuracy of fit between prosthetic restorations and abutment teeth represents an essential aspect with regard to long-term clinical success. Since the final gap is also influenced by the luting techniques and materials applied, this study analyzed the accuracy of the fit of single-tooth zirconia copings before and after cementation using different luting materials. Forty plaster dies with a corresponding zirconia coping were manufactured based on a single tooth chamfer preparation. The copings were luted on the plaster dies (n = 10 per luting material) with a zinc phosphate (A), glass–ionomer (B), self-adhesive resin (C), or resin-modified glass–ionomer cement (D). The accuracy of fit for each coping was assessed using a non-destructive digital method. Intragroup statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon signed rank tests and intergroup analysis by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Accuracy of fit was significantly different before/after cementation within A (0.033/0.110 µm) and B (0.035/0.118 µm; p = 0.002). A had a significantly increased marginal gap compared to C and D, and B compared to C and D (p ≤ 0.001). Significantly increased vertical discrepancies between A and B versus C and D (p < 0.001) were assessed. Of the materials under investigation, the zinc phosphate cement led to increased vertical marginal discrepancies, whereas the self-adhesive resin cement did not influence the restoration fit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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14 pages, 14717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Ciprofloxacin-Immobilized Calcium Phosphate Particles for Dental Drug Delivery

by Aniruddha Pal, Ayako Oyane, Tomoya Inose, Maki Nakamura, Erika Nishida and Hirofumi Miyaji

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17092035 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles with immobilized ciprofloxacin (CF), a commonly prescribed antibacterial agent, via a coprecipitation process using a supersaturated CaP solution. As the aging time in the coprecipitation process increased from 2 to 24 h, the CaP phase in the resulting particles transformed from amorphous to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite, and their Ca/P elemental ratio, yield, and CF content increased. Despite the higher CF content, the particles aged for 24 h displayed a slower release of CF in a physiological salt solution, most likely owing to their crystallized matrix (less soluble hydroxyapatite), than those aged for 2 h, whose matrix was amorphous CaP. Both particles exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activities along with an acid-neutralizing effect against the major oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Actinomyces naeslundii, in a dose-dependent manner, although their dose–response relationship was slightly different. The aging time in the coprecipitation process was identified as a governing factor affecting the physicochemical properties of the resulting CF-immobilized CaP particles and their functionality as a dental disinfectant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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15 pages, 2170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Contemporary Denture Base Fabrication Methods on Residual Monomer Content, Flexural Strength and Microhardness

by Josip Vuksic, Ana Pilipovic, Tina Poklepovic Pericic and Josip Kranjcic

Materials 2024, 17(5), 1052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma17051052 - 24 Feb 2024

Viewed by 742

Abstract

(1) Background: Digital technologies are available for denture base fabrication, but there is a lack of scientific data on the mechanical and chemical properties of the materials produced in this way. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the residual monomer content, flexural strength and microhardness of denture base materials as well as correlations between investigated parameters. (2) Methods: Seven denture base materials were used: one conventional heat cured polymethyl methacrylate, one polyamide, three subtractive manufactured materials and two additive manufactured materials. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine residual monomer content and the test was carried out in accordance with the specification ISO No. 20795-1:2013. Flexural strength was also determined according to the specification ISO No. 20795-1:2013. The Vickers method was used to investigate microhardness. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post-hoc test was used for the statistical analysis. The Pearson correlation test was used for the correlation analysis. (3) Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the values of residual monomer content of the different denture base materials (p < 0.05). Anaxdent pink blank showed the highest value of 3.2% mass fraction, while Polident pink CAD-CAM showed the lowest value of 0.05% mass fraction. The difference between the flexural strength values of the different denture base materials was statistically significant (p < 0.05), with values ranging from 62.57 megapascals (MPa) to 103.33 MPa. The difference between the microhardness values for the different denture base materials was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the values obtained ranged from 10.61 to 22.86 Vickers hardness number (VHN). A correlation was found between some results for the material properties investigated (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The selection of contemporary digital denture base manufacturing techniques may affect residual monomer content, flexural strength and microhardness but is not the only criterion for achieving favourable properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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17 pages, 4553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Restorative Dental Resin Functionalized with Calcium Methacrylate with a Hydroxyapatite Remineralization Capacity

by Xin Zhang, Yuxuan Zhang, Ying Li, Xiaoming Wang and Xueqin Zhang

Materials 2023, 16(19), 6497; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16196497 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 993

Abstract

The ability of dental materials to induce the mineralization of enamel like hydroxyapatite (HA) is of great importance. In this article, a novel kind of dental restorative material characterized by a mineralization ability was fabricated by photopolymerization. Calcium methacrylate (CMA) was introduced into the classical bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) dental resin formulation. This functional dental resin (BTCM) was calcium-rich and can be prepared simply by one-step photopolymerization. The influence of CMA on the photopolymerization kinetics, the dental resin’s mechanical properties, and its capacity to induce dynamic in situ HA mineralization were examined. Real-time FTIR, compression modulus, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, MTT assay, and cell attachment test were carried out. The obtained data were analyzed for statistical significance using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Double bond conversion could be completed in less than 300 s, while the compression modulus of BTCM decreased with the increase in CMA content (30 wt%, 40 wt%, and 50 wt%). After being soaked in Ca(NO₃)₂ and Na₂HPO₄ solutions alternatively, dense HA crystals were found on the surface of the dental resin which contained CMA. The amount of HA increased with the increase in CMA content. The MTT results indicated that BTCM possesses good biocompatibility, while the cell adhesion and proliferation investigation demonstrated that L929 cells can adhere and proliferate well on the surface of BTM. Thus, our approach provides a straightforward, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution that has the potential for immediate clinical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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12 pages, 1530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pushout Bond Strength in Coronal Dentin: A Standardization Approach in Comparison to Shear Bond Strength

by Franz-Josef Schröter and Nicoleta Ilie

Materials 2023, 16(16), 5667; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16165667 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 618

Abstract

To find an alternative that is closer to clinical reality in terms of cavity geometry and configuration factor, this study investigated the pushout test on in vitro adhesive testing to coronal dentin when compared to the established shear test, both in a standardized approach. For a feasible comparison between both tests, the pushout specimen was adjusted in thickness (1.03 ± 0.05 mm) and cavity diameter (1.42 ± 0.03 mm) to receive a bonding area (4.63 ± 0.26 mm²) that matches that of the shear test (4.57 ± 0.13 mm²). Though, the configuration factor between both tests differs largely (pushout 1.5 ± 0.08; shear bond 0.20 ± 0.01). The bond strength of five different adhesives (n = 20) was investigated for both tests. The pushout test registered a high number of invalid measurements (30%) due to concomitant dentin fracture during testing. In contrast to the shear test, the pushout test failed to discriminate between different adhesives (p = 0.367). Both tests differed largely from each other when comparing adhesive groups. When solely looking at the valid specimens, Weibull modulus reached higher values in the pushout approach. Conclusively, the pushout test in this specific setup does not distinguish as precisely as the shear bond test between different adhesives and needs adaption to be routinely applied in adhesive dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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13 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tensile Bond Strength between Different Denture Base Materials and Soft Denture Liners

by Josip Vuksic, Ana Pilipovic, Tina Poklepovic Pericic and Josip Kranjcic

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16134615 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1176

Abstract

(1) Background: Various materials are available for CAD-CAM denture base fabrication, for both additive and subtractive manufacturing. However, little has been reported on bond strength to soft denture liners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate tensile bond strength, comparing between different denture base materials and soft denture liners. (2) Methods: Seven different materials were used for denture base fabrication: one heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate, three materials for subtractive manufacturing, two materials for additive manufacturing and one polyamide. Two materials were used for soft denture lining: one silicone-based and one acrylate-based. The study was conducted according to the specification ISO No. 10139-2:2016, and the type of failure was determined. The Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test was used to analyse the values of tensile bond strength, and Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse the type of failure. p Values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. (3) Results: The tensile bond strength values were not statistically significantly different combining all the materials used for denture base fabrication with the acrylate-based soft denture liner (p > 0.05), and the average values ranged between 0.19 and 0.25 Mpa. The tensile bond strength values of the different denture base materials and silicone-based denture liner were statistically significantly different (p < 0.05), and the average values ranged between 1.49 and 3.07 Mpa. The type of failure was predominantly adhesive between polyamide and both additive-manufactured denture base materials in combination with the acrylate-based soft liner (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The use of digital technologies in denture base fabrication can have an influence on different tensile bond strength values for soft denture liners, with different types of failure when compared with heat-cured PMMA. Similar tensile bond strength values were found between the acrylate-based soft denture liner and denture base materials. Significant differences in tensile bond strength values were found between the silicone-based soft denture liner and denture base materials, where the additive-manufactured and polyamide denture base materials showed lower values than heat-cured PMMA and subtractive-manufactured denture base materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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16 pages, 8277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyvinylpyrrolidone—Alginate—Carbonate Hydroxyapatite Porous Composites for Dental Applications

by Anna A. Forysenkova, Inna V. Fadeeva, Dina V. Deyneko, Alevtina N. Gosteva, Georgy V. Mamin, Darya V. Shurtakova, Galina A. Davydova, Viktoriya G. Yankova, Iulian V. Antoniac and Julietta V. Rau

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4478; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16124478 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

An alternative approach for the currently used replacement therapy in dentistry is to apply materials that restore tooth tissue. Among them, composites, based on biopolymers with calcium phosphates, and cells can be applied. In the present work, a composite based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and alginate (Alg) with carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) was prepared and characterized. The composite was investigated by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scanning electron microscopy methods, and the microstructure, porosity, and swelling properties of the material were described. In vitro studies included the MTT test using mouse fibroblasts, and adhesion and survivability tests with human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). The mineral component of the composite corresponded to CHA with an admixture of amorphous calcium phosphate. The presence of a bond between the polymer matrix and CHA particles was shown by EPR. The structure of the material was represented by micro- (30–190 μm) and nano-pores (average 8.71 ± 4.15 nm). The swelling measurements attested that CHA addition increased the polymer matrix hydrophilicity by 200%. In vitro studies demonstrated the biocompatibility of PVP-Alg-CHA (95 ± 5% cell viability), and DPSC located inside the pores. It was concluded that the PVP-Alg-CHA porous composite is promising for dentistry applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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13 pages, 1037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Glass-Enhanced Resins: A New Denture Base Material

by Zbigniew Raszewski, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Marcin Mikulewicz and Abdulaziz Alhotan

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4363; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16124363 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

Background: The creation of the denture base material with bioactive properties that releases ions and produces hydroxyapatite. Methods: Acrylic resins were modified by the addition of 20% of four types of bioactive glasses by mixing with powders. Samples were subjected to flexural strength (1, 60 days), sorption and solubility (7 days), and ion release at pH 4 and pH 7 for 42 days. Hydroxyapatite layer formation was measured using infrared. Results: Biomin F glass-containing samples release fluoride ions for a period of 42 days (pH = 4; Ca = 0.62 ± 0.09; P = 30.47 ± 4.35; Si = 22.9 ± 3.44; F = 3.1 ± 0.47 [mg/L]). The Biomin C (contained in the acrylic resin releases (pH = 4; Ca = 41.23 ± 6.19; P = 26.43 ± 3.96; Si = 33.63 ± 5.04 [mg/L]) ions for the same period of time. All samples have a flexural strength greater than 65 MPa after 60 days. Conclusion: The addition of partially silanized bioactive glasses allows for obtaining a material that releases ions over a longer period of time. Clinical significance: This type of material could be used as a denture base material, helping to preserve oral health by preventing the demineralization of the residual dentition through the release of appropriate ions that serve as substrates for hydroxyapatite formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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11 pages, 1571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Verification of the Accuracy of Implant Models Made of PLA, Resin, and Silicone

by Kana Wakamori, Koudai Nagata, Toshifumi Nakashizu, Hayato Tsuruoka, Mihoko Atsumi and Hiromasa Kawana

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16093307 - 23 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1736

Abstract

Polylactic acid (PLA) has gained considerable attention as an alternative to petroleum-based materials due to environmental concerns. We fabricated implant models with fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers using PLA, and the accuracies of these PLA models were compared with those of plaster models made from silicone impressions and resin models made with digital light processing (DLP). A base model was obtained from an impact-training model. The scan body was mounted on the plaster, resin, and PLA models obtained from the base model, and the obtained information was converted to stereolithography (STL) data by the 3D scanner. The base model was then used as a reference, and its data were superimposed onto the STL data of each model using Geomagic control. The horizontal and vertical accuracies of PLA models, as calculated using the Tukey–Kramer method, were 97.2 ± 48.4 and 115.5 ± 15.1 μm, respectively, which suggests that the PLA model is the least accurate among the three models. In both cases, significant differences were found between PLA and gypsum and between the PLA and resin models. However, considering that the misfit of screw-retained implant frames should be ≤150 µm, PLA can be effectively used for fabricating implant models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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11 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Dental Models Fabricated Using Recycled Poly-Lactic Acid

by Koudai Nagata, Keitaro Inaba, Katsuhiko Kimoto and Hiromasa Kawana

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2620; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16072620 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1468

Abstract

Based on the hypothesis that the fabrication of dental models using fused deposition modeling and poly-lactic acid (PLA), followed by recycling and reusing, would reduce industrial waste, we aimed to compare the accuracies of virgin and recycled PLA models. The PLA models were recycled using a crusher and a filament-manufacturing machine. Virgin PLA was labeled R, and the first, second, and third recycles were labeled R1, R2, and R3, respectively. To determine the accuracies of the virgin and reused PLA models, identical provisional crowns were fitted, and marginal fits were obtained using micro-computed tomography. A marginal fit of 120 µm was deemed acceptable based on previous literature. The mesial, distal, buccal, and palatal centers were set at M, D, B, and P, respectively. The mean value of each measurement point was considered as the result. When comparing the accuracies of R and R1, R2, and R3, significant differences were noted between R and R3 at B, R and R2, R3 at P, and R and R3 at D (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed at M. This study demonstrates that PLA can be recycled only once owing to accuracy limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)

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