Journal Description
Coatings
Coatings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on coatings and surface engineering published monthly online by MDPI. The Korean Tribology Society (KTS) is affiliated with Coatings and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Materials Science, Coatings & Films) / CiteScore - Q2 (Surfaces and Interfaces)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 14 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Coatings.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Corrosion Resistance and Conductivity of Ta-Nb-N-Coated 316L Stainless Steel as Bipolar Plates for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 542; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050542 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The large-scale application of stainless steel (SS) bipolar plates (BPs) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is mainly limited by insufficient corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. In this work, Ta-Nb-N coatings were prepared on 316L SS substrates by unbalanced magnetron sputtering to
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The large-scale application of stainless steel (SS) bipolar plates (BPs) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is mainly limited by insufficient corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. In this work, Ta-Nb-N coatings were prepared on 316L SS substrates by unbalanced magnetron sputtering to improve corrosion resistance and conductivity. The Ta-Nb-N coatings had a dense structure without obvious defects. In simulated PEMFC cathode environments consisting of 0.5 M H2SO4 + 2 ppm HF at 70 ± 0.5 °C, which is harsher than the U.S. Department of Energy specification, the corrosion current density of Ta-Nb-N-coated BPs was reduced to 2.2 × 10−2 Acm−2. Ta-Nb-N-coated samples showed better electrical conductivity than 316L SS, which had an excellent interfacial contact resistance of 9.2 mΩcm2. In addition, the Ta-Nb-N-coated samples had a water contact angle of 100.7°, showing good hydrophobicity for water management. These results indicate that Ta-Nb-N coatings could be a promising material for BPs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thin Films for Energy Storage and Conversion)
Open AccessArticle
Optimization and Mechanism Study of Bonding Properties of CFRP/Al7075 Single-Lap Joints by Low-Temperature Plasma Surface Treatment
by
Liwei Wen, Ruozhou Wang and Entao Xu
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050541 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper studied favorable low-temperature plasma (LTP) surface treatment modes for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)/Al7075 single-lap joints using complex experimental methods and analyzed the failure modes of the joints. The surface physicochemical properties of CFRP after LTP surface treatment were characterized using
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This paper studied favorable low-temperature plasma (LTP) surface treatment modes for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)/Al7075 single-lap joints using complex experimental methods and analyzed the failure modes of the joints. The surface physicochemical properties of CFRP after LTP surface treatment were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle tests, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence mechanism of LTP surface treatment on the bonding properties of CFRP/Al7075 single-lap Joint was studied. The results of the complex experiment and range analysis showed that the favorable LTP surface treatment parameters were a speed of 10 mm/s, a distance of 10 mm, and three repeat scans. At these parameters, the shear strength of the joints reached 30.76 MPa, a 102.8% improvement compared to the untreated group. The failure mode of the joints shifted from interface failure to substrate failure. After low-temperature plasma surface treatment with favorable parameters, the CFRP surface exhibited gully like textures, which enhanced the mechanical interlocking between the CFRP surface and the adhesive. Additionally, the surface free energy of CFRP significantly increased, reaching a maximum of 78.77 mJ/m2. XPS results demonstrated that the low-temperature plasma surface treatment led to a significant increase in the content of oxygen-containing functional groups, such as C-O, C=O, and O-C=O, on the CFRP surface.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Science of Degradation and Surface Protection)
Open AccessArticle
Analytical Study of Polychrome Clay Sculptures in the Five-Dragon Taoist Palace of Wudang, China
by
Ling Shen, Yuhu Kang and Qiwu Li
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 540; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050540 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
During the Ming Dynasty, the Five-Dragon Palace functioned as a royal Taoist temple set atop one of China’s holiest Taoist mountains, Wudang Mountain. Two tower polychrome sculptures with exquisite craftsmanship have remained over the centuries. In this study, the painting materials and the
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During the Ming Dynasty, the Five-Dragon Palace functioned as a royal Taoist temple set atop one of China’s holiest Taoist mountains, Wudang Mountain. Two tower polychrome sculptures with exquisite craftsmanship have remained over the centuries. In this study, the painting materials and the techniques used to construct these sculptures were analyzed through multiple characterization methods, including optical microscope (OM) observations, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM−EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μ−FTIR), and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py−GC/MS). The results revealed that the pigments used in these sculptures included red pigments, which were composed of mercury (II) sulfide (cinnabar or vermillion), minium (Pb3O4), and hematite (Fe2O3); green pigments, which included atacamite and botallackite (Cu2Cl(OH)3), and blue pigments, which comprised smalt (CoO·nSiO2) and azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2). The white base layer was composed of quartz and mica minerals combined with gypsum or plant fiber, and the gold foil was adhered to the surface using heated tung oil. In addition, a special multi−layer technique was applied, with red under the golden gilding, white under the blue layer, and gray and black under the green layer. Drying oil was used as a binder for lead-containing pigments. This study offers substantial proof of reliable techniques to use in the continuing conservation of these sculptures, and it also serves as a foundation to determine if they can be dated to the late Ming or early Qing Dynasty (17th century).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface and Interface Analysis of Cultural Heritage, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessReview
A Review of Cross-Scale Theoretical Contact Models for Bolted Joints Interfaces
by
Yilong Liu, Min Zhu, Xiaohan Lu, Shengao Wang and Ziwei Li
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 539; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050539 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Bolted joints structures are critical fastening components widely used in mechanical equipment. Under long-term loading conditions, the bolted joints interface generates strong nonlinearities within the system. The nonlinear stiffness inside the bolt leads to changes in the stiffness of the whole system. This
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Bolted joints structures are critical fastening components widely used in mechanical equipment. Under long-term loading conditions, the bolted joints interface generates strong nonlinearities within the system. The nonlinear stiffness inside the bolt leads to changes in the stiffness of the whole system. This affects the dynamic characteristics of the whole system. It brings challenges and difficulties to the performance prediction and reliability assessment of the equipment. A cross-scale theoretical model study based on the microscopic contact mechanism can provide a more comprehensive understanding and cognition of the degradation behavior of bolted joints interfaces. The current development status and deformation process of asperity models are summarized. The research progress of statistical summation model and contact fractal model based on microscopic contact mechanism is analyzed. The experimental methods for parameter identification of connection interfaces are reviewed. The study of numerical modelling of bolted joints structures from the surface contact mechanism is briefly described. Future research directions for cross-scale modelling of bolted joints structures are outlined.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
Open AccessArticle
Simulation of Preload Relaxation of Bolted Joint Structures under Transverse Loading
by
Yilong Liu, Min Zhu, Xiaohan Lu, Shengao Wang and Ziwei Li
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 538; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050538 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this study, based on the Iwan model, the connection interface of the bolted joint structure subjected to lateral loads was simulated and comparatively analyzed. Commercial finite element software was used to model the bolted joint structure. Monotonic lateral loads and cyclic displacement
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In this study, based on the Iwan model, the connection interface of the bolted joint structure subjected to lateral loads was simulated and comparatively analyzed. Commercial finite element software was used to model the bolted joint structure. Monotonic lateral loads and cyclic displacement loads were applied to the model. The changes in the preload force of the bolted connection structure, as well as the changes in the sticking zone and stress state of the connection interface, were analyzed, and the loading results of monotonic load and cyclic displacement load were compared. The results show that the contact interface stress decreases with the increase in displacement load, and this increase is also a nonlinear relationship, which is approximately in phase with the trend of the contact surface slip curve. The amount of contact surface stress loss and the amount of preload loss are not directly related to the magnitude of the initial preload, regardless of the loading conditions. The contact surface is also circular under any form of displacement loading, whether it is stressed or slipped. The amount of preload loss is proportional to the amount of bolt compression for that variable.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Photocatalytic Activities of Methylene Blue Using ZrO2 Thin Films at Different Annealing Temperatures
by
Yuliana de Jesús Acosta-Silva, Salvador Gallardo-Hernández, Sandra Rivas, Fabricio Espejel-Ayala and Arturo Méndez-López
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 537; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050537 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Tetragonal ZrO2, synthesized by the sol–gel method and dip-coating technique, was found to be photocatalytically active for the degradation of methylene blue. The ZrO2 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning
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Tetragonal ZrO2, synthesized by the sol–gel method and dip-coating technique, was found to be photocatalytically active for the degradation of methylene blue. The ZrO2 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was carried out with this material. We identified the tetragonal phase in ZrO2 thin film at different annealing temperatures from 400 °C to 550 °C. The XRD study indicated that the films were monocrystalline in nature with preferred grain orientation along (011) plane and exhibited a tetragonal crystal structure. The crystallite size of the films increased with increasing annealing temperature. FTIR explained the bonding nature and confirmed the formation of the composite. UV-Vis showed the optical absorbance was high in the visible region and the optical band gap value increased with annealing temperature. The photocatalytic experimental results revealed that ZrO2 thin films degraded MB by 20%, 24%, 29%, and 36%, with annealing temperatures of 400 °C at 550 °C for 10 h, respectively. Our results provide useful insights into the development of photocatalytic materials and degradation of methylene blue.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Novel Optical Materials and Devices)
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Open AccessArticle
Theoretical Study of the Competition Mechanism of Alloying Elements in L12-(Nix1Crx2Cox3)3Al Precipitates
by
Yu Liu, Lijun Wang, Juangang Zhao, Zhipeng Wang, Touwen Fan, Ruizhi Zhang, Yuanzhi Wu, Xiangjun Zhou, Jie Zhou and Pingying Tang
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 536; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050536 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The impact of variations in the content of single alloying element on the properties of alloy materials has been extensively discussed, but the influence of this change on the content of multiple alloying elements in the alloy materials has been disregarded, as the
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The impact of variations in the content of single alloying element on the properties of alloy materials has been extensively discussed, but the influence of this change on the content of multiple alloying elements in the alloy materials has been disregarded, as the performances of alloy materials should be determined by the collective influence of multiple alloying elements. To address the aforementioned issue, the present study conducted a comprehensive investigation into the impact of variations in the content of alloying elements, namely Ni, Cr, and Co, on the structural and mechanical properties of L12-(Nix1Crx2Cox3)3Al precipitates using the high-throughput first-principles calculations and the partial least squares (PLS) regression, and the competitive mechanism among these three elements was elucidated. The findings demonstrate that the same alloying element may exhibit opposite effects in both single element analysis and comprehensive multi-element analysis, for example, the effect of Ni element on elastic constant C11, and the influence of Cr element on Vickers hardness and yield strength. The reason for this is that the impact of the content of other two alloying elements is ignored in the single element analysis. Meanwhile, the Co element demonstrates a significant competitive advantage in the comparative analysis of three alloying elements for different physical properties. Therefore, the methodology proposed in this study will facilitate the elucidation of competition mechanisms among different alloy elements and offer a more robust guidance for experimental preparation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)
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Open AccessArticle
Intelligent Space Thermal Control Radiator Based on Phase Change Material with Partial Visible Transparency
by
Xianghao Kong, Hezhi Sun, Shiri Liang, Zao Yi, Naiting Gu and Yougen Yi
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 535; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050535 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Coating structures with dynamically adjustable infrared emissivity are crucial in spacecraft components to cope with the transient thermal environments of space. For a long time, thermochromic phase change materials have been widely used in applications requiring emissivity adjustment, and optimizing the range of
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Coating structures with dynamically adjustable infrared emissivity are crucial in spacecraft components to cope with the transient thermal environments of space. For a long time, thermochromic phase change materials have been widely used in applications requiring emissivity adjustment, and optimizing the range of adjustable infrared emissivity has always been at the forefront of research. However, reducing the absorption of solar radiation has significant implications for the practical application and thermal stability of spacecraft components in space environments. In this paper, we propose a multilayer film structure based on the phase change material VO2 combined with the materials ZnSe and ITO to achieve low solar radiation absorption and adjustable infrared emissivity for intelligent thermal radiators in space. Through finite element simulation analysis of the structure, we achieve a solar radiation absorption rate of 0.3 and an adjustable infrared emissivity of 0.49. According to Stefan–Boltzmann’s law, the structure exhibits strong radiative heat dissipation at high temperatures and weak energy dissipation at low temperatures to maintain the thermal stability of the device and ensure efficient operation. The intelligent thermal radiator operates based on the principles of Fabry–Perot resonance. Therefore, the multilayer structure based on the phase change material VO2 demonstrates excellent performance in both solar radiation absorption and adjustable infrared emissivity, showcasing its tremendous potential in the field of intelligent thermal control in aerospace.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Nano Optics and Its Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Sustainable and Cost-Efficient Production of Micro-Patterned Reduced Graphene Oxide on Graphene Oxide Films
by
Satam Alotibi, Talal F. Qahtan, Amani M. Alansi, Taoreed O. Owolabi, Salah T. Hameed, Naveed Afzal, Sadia Bilal and Dina Salah
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 534; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050534 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study tackles the critical demand for sustainable synthesis methods of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), highlighting the environmental drawbacks of conventional chemical processes. We introduce a novel, green synthesis technique involving the irradiation of a 500 eV argon ion beam, which not only
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This study tackles the critical demand for sustainable synthesis methods of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), highlighting the environmental drawbacks of conventional chemical processes. We introduce a novel, green synthesis technique involving the irradiation of a 500 eV argon ion beam, which not only facilitates the creation of micro-patterned rGO on a graphene oxide (GO) film but also enables simultaneous material characterization and patterning. By adjusting the irradiation exposure time between 0 and 80 s, we achieve meticulous control over the attributes and the reduction process of the material. The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) allows for real-time monitoring of the reduction from GO to rGO, evidenced by a notable reduction in the intensities of C-O, C=O, and O-C=O bonds, and an increase in C-C bond intensities, indicating a significant reduction level. Our research demonstrates the efficient production of eco-friendly rGO using precise, controlled argon ion beam irradiation, proving its advantages over traditional methods. These results contribute to the development of sustainable material science technologies, with potential applications in electronics, energy storage, and more.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Cost Energy Materials and Thin Films)
Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Bu et al. A Decomposition-Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Solving Low-Carbon Scheduling of Ship Segment Painting. Coatings 2024, 14, 368
by
Henan Bu, Xianpeng Zhu, Zikang Ge, Teng Yang, Zhuwen Yan and Yingxin Tang
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 533; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050533 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of HNT-ZnO Nanofillers on the Performance of Epoxy Resin Composites for Marine Applications
by
Raluca Şomoghi, Sonia Mihai, George-Mihail Teodorescu, Zina Vuluga, Augusta Raluca Gabor, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Bogdan Trică, Daniel Mihai Stănescu Vătău, Florin Oancea and Cătălin Marian Stănciulescu
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 532; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050532 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Epoxy resin was conjugated with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and different types of ZnO nanoparticles (commercial ZnO and modified ZnO-ODTES) to obtain HNT-ZnO/epoxy resin composites. These ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were utilized with the intention to enhance the interfacial bonding between the epoxy resin
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Epoxy resin was conjugated with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and different types of ZnO nanoparticles (commercial ZnO and modified ZnO-ODTES) to obtain HNT-ZnO/epoxy resin composites. These ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were utilized with the intention to enhance the interfacial bonding between the epoxy resin and the reinforcing agent (HNT). The properties of resulted epoxy resin composites were characterized by various methods such as FTIR-ATR, TGA, DSC, TEM-EDX, and Nanoindentation analyses. The thermal properties of the epoxy resin composites were enhanced to a greater extent by the addition of HNT-ZnO nanofillers. DSC testing proved that the modification in the glass transition temperature can be due to the physical bonding between the epoxy resin and filler (HNT and/or ZnO). It was seen that the epoxy resin modified with HNT and ZnO-ODTES has the highest resistance to scratching by having a good elastic recovery as well as high values for surface hardness (~187.6 MPa) and reduced modulus (2980 MPa). These findings can pave the way for the developing of ZnO-based marine coatings with improved properties.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Films/Coatings Processing Technologies: Deposition and Process)
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Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Sai, R.; Abumousa, R.A. Impact of Iron Pyrite Nanoparticles Sizes in Photovoltaic Performance. Coatings 2023, 13, 167
by
Refka Sai and Rasha A. Abumousa
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 531; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050531 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
It has been brought to the authors attention that Figure 1 [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion)
Open AccessArticle
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Probe Detection via Gold Nanorods and AuNRs@SiO2 Composites
by
Huiqin Li, Yanyu Tian, Shaotian Yan, Lijun Ren, Rong Ma, Weiwei Zhao, Hongge Zhang and Shumei Dou
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 530; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050530 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a self-assembly method was used to prepare gold nanorod composites, and a seed-growth method was used to adjust the amount of AgNO3 solution, enabling the preparation of gold nanorods with different aspect ratios. AuNRs@SiO2 nanocomposite particles were then
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In this paper, a self-assembly method was used to prepare gold nanorod composites, and a seed-growth method was used to adjust the amount of AgNO3 solution, enabling the preparation of gold nanorods with different aspect ratios. AuNRs@SiO2 nanocomposite particles were then prepared by using the Stöber method to coat the gold nanorod surface with silica. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the maximum aspect ratio of the gold nanorods was 4.53, which was achieved using 2 mL of 10 mM AgNO3 solution. The Raman-scattering intensity of the gold nanorods was studied using rhodamine 6G, thiram, melamine, and piroxicam, and detection limits of 10−8 M, 10−5 M, and 10−3 M were, respectively, achieved. As a substrate, these gold nanorods showed good repeatability and reproducibility, and trace detection was successfully achieved. A transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that the SiO2 shell became thicker with increasing tetraethyl orthosilicate addition. Using AuNRs@SiO2 as the base and R6G, thiram, and piroxicam as the probes, measurable detection limits of 10−9 M, 10−6 M, and 10−5 M were achieved, and this composite also showed excellent repeatability and reproducibility.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plasma Coatings, Surfaces & Interfaces)
Open AccessReview
Hydrophobic and Tribological Properties of Biomimetic Interfaces
by
Kang Yang, Jun Tang, Jia Huang, Honglei Zhang, Hao Chen, Yahui Xiong, Ruili Wang, Chao Wu, Meimei Wang and Hongliang Chen
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 529; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050529 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Bionic interfaces have received much attention owing to their attractive hydrophobic and tribological potential. Although a great deal of research has been carried out on biomimetic nanostructures, the basic theory, experimental application, and related techniques of hydrophobicity of biomimetic nanostructures, as well as
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Bionic interfaces have received much attention owing to their attractive hydrophobic and tribological potential. Although a great deal of research has been carried out on biomimetic nanostructures, the basic theory, experimental application, and related techniques of hydrophobicity of biomimetic nanostructures, as well as the relationship between the state of lubricants and friction in tribology have not been fully explored. In this review, based on a brief discussion of the theory of hydrophobicity, the role of two-dimensional bionic structures in the wet state is introduced, and the wetting mechanism and applications are discussed. Then, the synergistic effects and mechanisms of bionic weaving and lubricants in the dry/wet friction state are investigated. In addition, the contribution of bionic structures to the fields of hydrophobicity and tribology further deepens the knowledge and enriches the practical applications of bionic surface weaving.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Surface and Interface Properties of Nanostructures)
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Open AccessArticle
Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of the X80 Steel Welded Joint
by
Yadong Li, Jiaxu Sang, Yunzhi Yang, Guoxin Fang, Jianjun Pang and Feng Liu
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 528; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050528 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Wire beam electrode techniques and classical electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the effect of the area ratio of each part of the welded joint on the galvanic corrosion behavior. The results showed that the order of the corrosion current density of the
[...] Read more.
Wire beam electrode techniques and classical electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the effect of the area ratio of each part of the welded joint on the galvanic corrosion behavior. The results showed that the order of the corrosion current density of the different regions in the simulated X80 steel welded joint was as follows: coarse-grained heat-affected zone > fine-grained heat-affected zone > intercritical heat-affected zone > base metal > weld metal. As the area ratio of weld metal increased, the galvanic potential shifted positively, the maximum anode galvanic current density increased and the main anode galvanic effect increased. On the other hand, as the area ratio of the base metal and the heat-affected zone decreased, the coupled potential shifted negatively and the maximum anode galvanic current density decreased. The galvanic corrosion intensity of the simulated X80 steel welded joint increased as the area ratio of the weld metal decreased and increased as the area ratio of the heat-affected zone and base metal increased. To enhance corrosion resistance, it is advisable to choose a shape with a larger groove to increase the WM area in the welded joint. Additionally, selecting a welding method with lower heat input and a higher energy density can help reduce the HAZ area in the welded joint.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Surface Engineering IV)
Open AccessArticle
Fabrication of Nanostructures Consisting of Composite Nanoparticles by Open-Air PLD
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Anna Og Dikovska, Daniela Karashanova, Genoveva Atanasova, Georgi Avdeev, Petar Atanasov and Nikolay N. Nedyalkov
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 527; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050527 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
We present a two-step physical method for the fabrication of composite nanoparticle-based nanostructures. The proposed method is based on the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique performed sequentially in vacuum and in air. As a first step, thin-alloyed films of iron with noble metal
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We present a two-step physical method for the fabrication of composite nanoparticle-based nanostructures. The proposed method is based on the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique performed sequentially in vacuum and in air. As a first step, thin-alloyed films of iron with noble metal were deposited by PLD in vacuum. The films were prepared by ablation of a mosaic target formed by equal iron and gold sectors. As a second step, the as-prepared alloyed films were ablated in air at atmospheric pressure as the laser beam scanned their surface. Two sets of experiments were performed in the second step, namely, by applying nanosecond (ns) and picosecond (ps) laser pulses for ablation. The structure, microstructure, morphology, and optical properties of the samples obtained were studied with respect to the laser ablation regime applied. The implementation of the ablation process in open air resulted in the formation of nanoparticle and/or nanoparticle aggregates in the plasma plume regardless of the ablation regime applied. These nanoparticles and/or nanoaggregates deposited on the substrate formed a complex porous structure. It was found that ablating FeAu films in air by ns pulses resulted in the fabrication of alloyed nanoparticles, while ablation by ps laser pulses results in separation of the metals in the alloy and further oxidation of Fe. In the latter case, the as-deposited structures also contain core–shell type nanoparticles, with the shell consisting of Fe-oxide phase. The obtained structures, regardless of the ablation regime applied, demonstrate a red-shifted plasmon resonance with respect to the plasmon resonance of pure Au nanoparticles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal Matrix Composite Coatings and Layers: Microstructure, Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties)
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Open AccessArticle
A CFD Study of Particulate Deposition on Dimple-Type Flue Walls of Coal-Fired Power Plants
by
Dong Hua, Xiqiang Chang, Mengke Liao, Zunshi Han and Hao Lu
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050526 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The study of particle deposition in bends is always a continuous challenge in various engineering and industrial applications. New types of channels with special microstructures on the surfaces can be effective in modifying the flow field structure as well as particle deposition in
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The study of particle deposition in bends is always a continuous challenge in various engineering and industrial applications. New types of channels with special microstructures on the surfaces can be effective in modifying the flow field structure as well as particle deposition in channels. In this study, a 90° circular bend with a convex dimple structure was used, and the flow field and the deposition of particles in the channel were analyzed; the Stokes numbers (St) used were 0.016, 0.355 and 1.397. The reliability of the model was ensured by mesh-independence validation as well as speed validation. In a 90° bend channel with convex dimples, the temperature distribution, particle deposition distribution, flow structure and secondary flow were examined. The effects of the number of convex dimples and St in the bend on the flow field structure and particle deposition characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the main factors affecting the deposition characteristics of particles in bends are St, gravitational deposition, thermophoretic force, turbulent vortex clusters and secondary flow distribution. The effect of St is more pronounced, with the deposition rate increasing as the St increases, and the deposition location of the particles is mainly clustered on the outside of the bend structure of the elbow.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)
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Open AccessArticle
Utilizing Metal Oxide Thin Films for Device Engineering of Solution-Processed Organic Multi-Junction Solar Cells
by
Afshin Hadipour
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 525; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050525 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Electron and hole transporting layers play a major role in high-performance and stable organic-based optoelectronic devices. This paper demonstrates detailed device engineering of multi-junction organic photovoltaics built on two different metal oxide-based electron and hole transport (buffer) layers prepared by thermal or solution-processed
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Electron and hole transporting layers play a major role in high-performance and stable organic-based optoelectronic devices. This paper demonstrates detailed device engineering of multi-junction organic photovoltaics built on two different metal oxide-based electron and hole transport (buffer) layers prepared by thermal or solution-processed methods. The main focus is on the device processing parameters as well as practical details of preparation of buffer layers to give the research community a clear, step-by-step recipe to successfully replicate and build series and parallel connected multi-junction solution-based organic solar cells for their needs. Here, the recipes and deposition conditions of two metal oxide buffer layers are presented in detail, based on basic commercially available materials and tools, to achieve well-engineered tandem (multi-junction) solution-processed organic solar cells. The buffer layers have appropriate energy levels for electrical selectivity of anode and cathode electrodes, and they are highly stable and chemically compatible with processing of solution-based polymer solar cells. To demonstrate the engineering steps of multi-junction devices, the PCE10:PC70BM blend is used as the active layer for all subcells. Then, to improve the power conversion efficiency of the single-junction photovoltaic device, PCE10:PC70BM blend is used in combination with DPPx:PC70BM with different absorption spectra for bottom and top subcell active layers. An optimized series tandem device with 10.6% power conversion efficiency is demonstrated. Generally, the device structures reported here can also be used for other types of optoelectronic devices, such as light emitting diodes and photodetectors.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Oxide Films: Materials and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Anticorrosion Method Combining Impressed Current Cathodic Protection and Coatings in Marine Atmospheric Environment
by
Peichang Deng, Juyu Shangguan, Jiezhen Hu, Huan Huang and Lingbo Zhou
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 524; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050524 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this study, a new anticorrosion method combining impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) with coatings that can be applied to marine atmospheric environments is proposed. As the corrosion medium fills the cracks and pores of the coating, an electrolyte film layer is inevitably
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In this study, a new anticorrosion method combining impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) with coatings that can be applied to marine atmospheric environments is proposed. As the corrosion medium fills the cracks and pores of the coating, an electrolyte film layer is inevitably formed on the metal surface. Therefore, a graphene conductive coating with excellent chemical inertness and shielding performance is selected as the intermediate coating to form an electrolytic cell system with a metal substrate serving as the cathode and a graphene coating serving as the auxiliary anode. By studying the surface corrosion morphologies and electrochemical signals of the coating samples at different protection potentials and coating thicknesses, the optimal potential is determined to be 0.6 V, and the optimal coating thickness is determined to be 20 μm. The samples protected by the joint method have lower corrosion rates and better anticorrosion performance than those protected by the coatings alone.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Corrosion Behaviour of Metallic Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Coating on Steel Discs with a Photocatalytic System CuO/SiO2 for the Degradation of the Ubiquitous Contaminants Methylene Blue and Amoxicillin
by
Alberto Hernández-Reyes, Irina V. Lijanova, Aristeo Garrido-Hernández, Ángel de J. Morales-Ramirez, Carlos Hernández-Fuentes, Evelyn Y. Calvillo-Muñoz, Natalya V. Likhanova and Octavio Olivares-Xometl
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 523; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14050523 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The present research work describes the synthesis and characterization of CuO/SiO2 for coating-perforated 304 stainless steel (SS) substrates to degrade methylene blue and amoxicillin under visible light irradiation. The foregoing photocatalytic system was achieved through the coprecipitation method by adding pure CuO
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The present research work describes the synthesis and characterization of CuO/SiO2 for coating-perforated 304 stainless steel (SS) substrates to degrade methylene blue and amoxicillin under visible light irradiation. The foregoing photocatalytic system was achieved through the coprecipitation method by adding pure CuO to a SiO2 sol at 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 molar ratios. The conditions for carrying out the depositions on the SS substrates (three per substrate) involved an immersion rate of 90 mm/min with a drying time of 20 min at 120 °C. The XRD technique confirmed the presence of the SiO2 amorphous phases and CuO monoclinic systems in the coatings, with a particle size distribution ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 μm (with an average of 1.26 ± 0.06 μm). As for SEM, it revealed a homogeneous coating surface without cracks. The produced photoactive CuO/SiO2 coatings were capable of degrading methylene blue (98%) at 1500 min and amoxicillin (55%) at 450 min.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Cost Energy Materials and Thin Films)
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