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Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings
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Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 31064

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Daniele Valerini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ENEA—Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Brindisi, Italy
Interests: thin films; sputtering; protective coatings; antibacterial coatings; deposition of films and nanostructured materials; physical vapor deposition (PVD); materials characterization.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antibacterial surfaces can play a key role in a great number of everyday applications, spanning from biomedical purposes (medical devices, surgery tools, human implants, etc.) to usages for food and beverages (e.g., packaging). Such surfaces are fundamental to prevent the occurrence and diffusion of clinical infections and foodborne diseases, or to preserve the quality of the packaged content.

Different approaches can be pursued to confer antimicrobial properties to the surface of a material, like the incorporation of antibacterial agents within the material surface or their deposition as coating films. Several organic (enzymes, natural extracts, etc.) and inorganic (metals, oxides, etc.) antibacterial agents, each with their own peculiar characteristics, are continuously studied and tested, already used since ancient times, like in the case of the well-known antibacterial silver. However, in recent decades, new and ever more efficient materials have been experimented with and effectively used in the aforementioned applications, especially after the enormous advances in nanotechnologies.

However, when dealing with such kinds of applications, further essential aspects should be considered together with the antimicrobial activity, namely the enhancement of other materials properties, as well as safety issues and even environmental aspects. For example, the antibacterial surface might be properly engineered to provide additional or improved features to the final components, such as tuned optical characteristics, mechanical resistance, gas barrier properties, and so on. Secondly, a possible influence on human health should be taken into account, for example by using biocompatible materials or evaluating potential toxicity effects on human cells and tissues. Finally, since a huge variety of food packaging and medical components are made of plastic-based materials, it is important to consider the usage of antimicrobial surfaces in conjunction with eco-friendly bioplastics (e.g., nature-derived, biodegradable, etc.).

In this framework, this Special Issue welcomes original research works as well as reviews dealing with antibacterial surfaces, focusing on any of the related aspects mentioned above, from advances in materials and surface engineering, to characterization and functional properties, toxicity/safety for human health, environmental aspects, and regulations.

In particular, the topics of interest include, but are not limited to the following:

  • Design, processing, and realization of antibacterial surfaces by incorporation, coating, functionalization, or other surface modifications;
  • Usage in food packaging, biomedical, and other applications;
  • Materials characterization, functional properties, and cytotoxic activity against bacteria that are harmful to food, environment, or human health;
  • Release and migration of particles and substances from the surface;
  • Toxicity to human cells, tissues, etc. and other safety issues;
  • Regulatory aspects.

Dr. Daniele Valerini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Antimicrobial activity
  • Surface modifications, thin films, and nanostructured coatings
  • Bioplastics, nature-derived polymers, biomaterials
  • Materials processing and characterization
  • Food packaging, medical applications, etc.
  • Release and migration effects
  • Environmental, human safety, and regulatory aspects

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 170 KiB  
Editorial
Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings
by Daniele Valerini
Coatings 2021, 11(5), 556; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11050556 - 8 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1564
Abstract
Antibacterial surfaces can play a key role in a great number of everyday applications, spanning from biomedical purposes (medical devices, protection equipment, surgery tools, human implants, etc [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 2629 KiB  
Article
Graphene Matrices as Carriers for Metal Ions against Antibiotic Susceptible and Resistant Bacterial Pathogens
by Anthony J. Slate, Nathalie Karaky, Grace S. Crowther, Jonathan A. Butler, Craig E. Banks, Andrew J. McBain and Kathryn A. Whitehead
Coatings 2021, 11(3), 352; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11030352 - 19 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2761
Abstract
Due to the ever-increasing burden of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, the development of novel antimicrobial agents and biomaterials to act as carriers and/or potentiate antimicrobial activity is essential. This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of the following ionic metals, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc, [...] Read more.
Due to the ever-increasing burden of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, the development of novel antimicrobial agents and biomaterials to act as carriers and/or potentiate antimicrobial activity is essential. This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of the following ionic metals, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc, and gallium alone and in combination with graphene matrices (which were coated via a drop casting coating method). The graphene foam was utilized as a carrier for the ionic metals against both, antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacterial strains of Acinetobacter baumannii,Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ionic gold, palladium and platinum demonstrated the greatest antimicrobial activity against the susceptible and resistant strains. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualized cellular ultrastructure damage, when the bacteria were incubated upon the graphene foam alone. This study suggests that specific metal ions applied in combination with graphene foam could present a potential therapeutic option to treat AMR bacterial infections. The application of the graphene foam as a potential carrier could promote antimicrobial activity, provide a sustained release approach and reduce possible resistance acquisition. In light of this study, the graphene foam and ionic metal combinations could potentially be further developed as part of a wound dressing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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12 pages, 2983 KiB  
Article
Sputter-Deposited Ag Nanoparticles on Electrospun PCL Scaffolds: Morphology, Wettability and Antibacterial Activity
by Daniele Valerini, Loredana Tammaro, Roberta Vitali, Gloria Guillot and Antonio Rinaldi
Coatings 2021, 11(3), 345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11030345 - 18 Mar 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3445
Abstract
Porous scaffolds made of biocompatible and environmental-friendly polymer fibers with diameters in the nano/micro range can find applications in a wide variety of sectors, spanning from the biomedical field to textiles and so on. Their development has received a boost in the last [...] Read more.
Porous scaffolds made of biocompatible and environmental-friendly polymer fibers with diameters in the nano/micro range can find applications in a wide variety of sectors, spanning from the biomedical field to textiles and so on. Their development has received a boost in the last decades thanks to advances in the production methods, such as the electrospinning technique. Conferring antimicrobial properties to these fibrous structures is a primary requirement for many of their applications, but the addition of antimicrobial agents by wet methods can present a series of drawbacks. In this work, strong antibacterial action is successfully provided to electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds by silver (Ag) addition through a simple and flexible way, namely the sputtering deposition of silver onto the PCL fibers. SEM-EDS analyses demonstrate that the polymer fibers get coated by Ag nanoparticles without undergoing any alteration of their morphological integrity upon the deposition process. The influence on wettability is evaluated with polar (water) and non-polar (diiodomethane) liquids, evidencing that this coating method allows preserving the hydrophobic character of the PCL polymer. Excellent antibacterial action (reduction > 99.995% in 4 h) is demonstrated against Escherichia coli. The easy fabrication of these PCL-Ag mats can be applicable to the production of biomedical devices, bioremediation and antifouling systems in filtration, personal protective equipment (PPE), food packaging materials, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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14 pages, 3156 KiB  
Article
Bodipy-Loaded Micelles Based on Polylactide as Surface Coating for Photodynamic Control of Staphylococcus aureus
by Enrico Caruso, Viviana Teresa Orlandi, Miryam Chiara Malacarne, Eleonora Martegani, Chiara Scanferla, Daniela Pappalardo, Giovanni Vigliotta and Lorella Izzo
Coatings 2021, 11(2), 223; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11020223 - 13 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1970
Abstract
Decontaminating coating systems (DCSs) represent a challenge against pathogenic bacteria that may colonize hospital surfaces, causing several important infections. In this respect, surface coatings comprising photosensitizers (PSs) are promising but still controversial for several limitations. PSs act through a mechanism of antimicrobial photodynamic [...] Read more.
Decontaminating coating systems (DCSs) represent a challenge against pathogenic bacteria that may colonize hospital surfaces, causing several important infections. In this respect, surface coatings comprising photosensitizers (PSs) are promising but still controversial for several limitations. PSs act through a mechanism of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) due to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after light irradiation. However, ROS are partially deactivated during their diffusion through a coating matrix; moreover, coatings should allow oxygen penetration that in contact with the activated PS would generate 1O2, an active specie against bacteria. In the attempt to circumvent such constraints, we report a spray DCS made of micelles loaded with a PS belonging to the BODIPY family (2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,4′-difluoroboradiazaindacene) that is released in a controlled manner and then activated outside the coating. For this aim, we synthesized several amphiphilic copolymers (mPEG–(PLA)n), which form micelles, and established the most stable supramolecular system in terms of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and ∆Gf values. We found that micelles obtained from mPEG–(PLLA)2 were the most thermodynamically stable and able to release BODIPY in a relatively short period of time (about 80% in 6 h). Interestingly, the BODIPY released showed excellent activity against Staphylococcus aureus even at micromolar concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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15 pages, 2529 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Peptides Grafted onto a Plasma Polymer Interlayer Platform: Performance upon Extended Bacterial Challenge
by Stefani S. Griesser, Marek Jasieniak, Krasimir Vasilev and Hans J. Griesser
Coatings 2021, 11(1), 68; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings11010068 - 8 Jan 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
To combat infections on biomedical devices, antimicrobial coatings have attracted considerable attention, including coatings comprising naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study the aim was to explore performance upon extended challenge by bacteria growing in media above samples. The AMPs LL37, Magainin [...] Read more.
To combat infections on biomedical devices, antimicrobial coatings have attracted considerable attention, including coatings comprising naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study the aim was to explore performance upon extended challenge by bacteria growing in media above samples. The AMPs LL37, Magainin 2, and Parasin 1 were selected on the basis of well-known membrane disruption activity in solution and were covalently grafted onto a plasma polymer platform, which enables application of this multilayer coating strategy to a wide range of biomaterials. Detailed surface analyses were performed to verify the intended outcomes of the coating sequence. Samples were challenged by incubation in bacterial growth media for 5 and 20 h. Compared with the control plasma polymer surface, all three grafted AMP coatings showed considerable reductions in bacterial colonization even at the high bacterial challenge of initial seeding at 1 × 107 CFU, but there were increasing numbers of dead bacteria attached to the surface. All three grafted AMP coatings were found to be non-toxic to primary fibroblasts. These coatings thus could be useful to produce antibacterial surface coatings for biomaterials, though possible consequences arising from the presence of dead bacteria need to be studied further, and compared to non-fouling coatings that avoid attachment of dead bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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13 pages, 5138 KiB  
Article
Ag Functionalization of Al-Doped ZnO Nanostructured Coatings on PLA Substrate for Antibacterial Applications
by Daniele Valerini, Loredana Tammaro, Giovanni Vigliotta, Enrica Picariello, Francesco Banfi, Emanuele Cavaliere, Luca Ciambriello and Luca Gavioli
Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1238; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10121238 - 17 Dec 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2936
Abstract
Developing smart, environmentally friendly, and effective antibacterial surfaces is fundamental to contrast the diffusion of human infections and diseases for applications in the biomedical and food packaging sectors. To this purpose, here we combine aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) and Ag to grow nanostructured [...] Read more.
Developing smart, environmentally friendly, and effective antibacterial surfaces is fundamental to contrast the diffusion of human infections and diseases for applications in the biomedical and food packaging sectors. To this purpose, here we combine aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) and Ag to grow nanostructured composite coatings on bioplastic polylactide (PLA) substrates. The AZO layers are grown by RF magnetron sputtering, and then functionalized with Ag in atomic form by RF magnetron sputtering and in form of nanoparticles by supersonic cluster beam deposition. We compare the morphology, wettability, and antimicrobial performance of the nanostructured coatings obtained by the two methods. The different growth modes in the two techniques used for Ag functionalization are found to produce some differences in the surface morphology, which, however, do not induce significant differences in the wettability and antimicrobial response of the coatings. The antibacterial activity is investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as representatives of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. A preferential antimicrobial action of Ag on the first species and of AZO on the second one is evidenced. Through their combination, we obtain a hybrid composite coating taking advantage of the synergistic dual action of the two materials deposited, with a total bacterial suppression within few minutes for the first species and few hours for the second one, thus representing a valuable solution as a wide-spectrum bactericidal device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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17 pages, 3028 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Zinc Oxide-Xanthan Gum Nanocomposite via Green Route: Attenuation of Quorum Sensing Regulated Virulence Functions and Mitigation of Biofilm in Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens
by Fohad Mabood Husain, Imran Hasan, Faizan Abul Qais, Rais Ahmad Khan, Pravej Alam and Ali Alsalme
Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1190; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10121190 - 5 Dec 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
The unabated abuse of antibiotics has created a selection pressure that has resulted in the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic bacteria. AMR has become a global health concern in recent times and is responsible for a high number of mortalities occurring [...] Read more.
The unabated abuse of antibiotics has created a selection pressure that has resulted in the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic bacteria. AMR has become a global health concern in recent times and is responsible for a high number of mortalities occurring across the globe. Owing to the slow development of antibiotics, new chemotherapeutic antimicrobials with a novel mode of action is required urgently. Therefore, in the current investigation, we green synthesized a nanocomposite comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles functionalized with extracellular polysaccharide xanthan gum (ZnO@XG). Synthesized nanomaterial was characterized by structurally and morphologically using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM and TEM. Subinhibitory concentrations of ZnO@XG were used to determine quorum sensing inhibitory activity against Gram-negative pathogens, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Serratia marcescens. ZnO@XG reduced quorum sensing (QS) regulated virulence factors such as violacein (61%), chitinase (70%) in C. violaceum and prodigiosin (71%) and protease (72%) in S. marcescens at 128 µg/mL concentration. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) inhibition of biofilm formation as well as preformed mature biofilms was also recorded along with the impaired production of EPS, swarming motility and cell surface hydrophobicity in both the test pathogens. The findings of this study clearly highlight the potency of ZnO@XG against the QS controlled virulence factors of drug-resistant pathogens that may be developed as effective inhibitors of QS and biofilms to mitigate the threat of multidrug resistance (MDR). ZnO@XG may be used alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs against MDR bacterial pathogens. Further, it can be utilized in the food industry to counter the menace of contamination and spoilage caused by the formation of biofilms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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14 pages, 3942 KiB  
Article
Photochemical Preparation of Silver Colloids in Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose for Antibacterial Materials with Controlled Release of Silver
by Ondrej Kvitek, Elizaveta Mutylo, Barbora Vokata, Pavel Ulbrich, Dominik Fajstavr, Alena Reznickova and Vaclav Svorcik
Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1046; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10111046 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2320
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess strong antibacterial effect. The current trend is to incorporate AgNPs into functional materials that benefit from their bactericidal capabilities. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is routinely used for the controlled release of medicine thanks to its slow dissolution in water and [...] Read more.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess strong antibacterial effect. The current trend is to incorporate AgNPs into functional materials that benefit from their bactericidal capabilities. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is routinely used for the controlled release of medicine thanks to its slow dissolution in water and could be used as a matrix for the controlled release of AgNPs, if a method to produce such a material without the need of other reactants was developed. We proposed such a method in a photochemical reduction of AgNO3 in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) solutions by the illumination of the mixture with the light emitting diode bulb for about 2 h. These AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and their diameter was found to be mostly under 100 nm. The colloids were then easily transformed into solid samples by drying, lyophilization and spin-coating. The slowly soluble HPMC was found to be able to release the AgNPs gradually over the duration of several hours. Antibacterial activity of the prepared colloids and the solid samples was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis and was found to be very high, reaching the total elimination of the bacteria in the studied systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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18 pages, 9032 KiB  
Article
Electrophoretic Deposition of Gentamicin-Loaded ZnHNTs-Chitosan on Titanium
by Ahmed Humayun, Yangyang Luo and David K. Mills
Coatings 2020, 10(10), 944; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10100944 - 30 Sep 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3047
Abstract
There is a need for titanium (Ti), an antimicrobial implant coating that provides sustained protection against bacterial infection. Chitosan (CS) coatings, combined with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), are an attractive solution due to the inherent biocompatibility of halloysite, its ability to provide sustained drug [...] Read more.
There is a need for titanium (Ti), an antimicrobial implant coating that provides sustained protection against bacterial infection. Chitosan (CS) coatings, combined with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), are an attractive solution due to the inherent biocompatibility of halloysite, its ability to provide sustained drug release, and the antimicrobial properties of CS. In this study, the electrodeposition (EPD) method was used to coat titanium foil with CS blended with zinc-coated HNTs (ZnHNTs) and pre-loaded with the antibiotic gentamicin. The CS-ZnHNTs-gentamycin sulfate (GS) coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The coatings were further examined for their ability to sustain GS release, resist bacterial colonization and growth, and prevent biofilm formation. The CS-ZnHNTs-GS coatings were cytocompatible, exhibited significant antimicrobial properties, and supported pre-osteoblast cell proliferation. Hydroxyapatite also formed on the coatings after immersion in simulated body fluid. While the focus in this study was on zinc-coated HNTs doped into CS, our design offers tunability, as different metals can be coated onto the HNT surface and different drugs or growth factors loaded into the HNT lumen. Our results, and the potential for customization, suggest that these coatings have potential in the construction of an array of infection-resistant implant coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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13 pages, 2043 KiB  
Article
Modulus, Strength and Cytotoxicity of PMMA-Silica Nanocomposites
by Sebastian Balos, Tatjana Puskar, Michal Potran, Bojana Milekic, Daniela Djurovic Koprivica, Jovana Laban Terzija and Ivana Gusic
Coatings 2020, 10(6), 583; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10060583 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
Key advantages of Poly(methyl methacrylate)—PMMA for denture application are related to aesthetics and biocompatibility, while its main deficiency is related to mechanical properties. To address this issue, SiO2 nanoparticle reinforcement was proposed, containing 0 to 5% nanosilica, to form nanocomposite materials. Flexural [...] Read more.
Key advantages of Poly(methyl methacrylate)—PMMA for denture application are related to aesthetics and biocompatibility, while its main deficiency is related to mechanical properties. To address this issue, SiO2 nanoparticle reinforcement was proposed, containing 0 to 5% nanosilica, to form nanocomposite materials. Flexural strengths and elastic moduli were determined and correlated to nominal nanoparticle content and zeta potential of the liquid phase nanoparticle solutions. Another issue is the biocompatibility, which was determined in terms of cytotoxicity, using L929 and MRC5 cell lines. The addition of nanoparticle was proved to be beneficial for increasing flexural strength and modulus, causing a significant increase in both strength and moduli. On the other hand, the formation of agglomerates was noted, particularly at higher nanoparticle loadings, affecting mechanical properties. The addition of nanosilica had an adverse effect on the cytotoxicity, increasing it above the level present in unmodified specimens. Cytotoxic potential was on the acceptable level for specimens with up to 2% nanosilica. Consequently, nanosilica proved to be an effective and biocompatible means of increasing the resistance of dental materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

29 pages, 1067 KiB  
Review
Protein–TiO2: A Functional Hybrid Composite with Diversified Applications
by Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza, Zuamí Villagrán-de la Mora, Noé Rodríguez-Barajas, Teresa Sandoval-Contreras, Karla Nuño, David A. López-de la Mora, Alejandro Pérez-Larios and Efigenia Montalvo-González
Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1194; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings10121194 - 7 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3437
Abstract
Functionalization of protein-based materials by incorporation of organic and inorganic compounds has emerged as an active research area due to their improved properties and diversified applications. The present review provides an overview of the functionalization of protein-based materials by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles. [...] Read more.
Functionalization of protein-based materials by incorporation of organic and inorganic compounds has emerged as an active research area due to their improved properties and diversified applications. The present review provides an overview of the functionalization of protein-based materials by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles. Their effects on technological (mechanical, thermal, adsorptive, gas-barrier, and water-related) and functional (antimicrobial, photodegradation, ultraviolet (UV)-protective, wound-healing, and biocompatibility) properties are also discussed. In general, protein–TiO2 hybrid materials are biodegradable and exhibit improved tensile strength, elasticity, thermal stability, oxygen and water resistance in a TiO2 concentration-dependent response. Nonetheless, they showed enhanced antimicrobial and UV-protective effects with good biocompatibility on different cell lines. The main applications of protein–TiO2 are focused on the development of eco-friendly and active packaging materials, biomedical (tissue engineering, bone regeneration, biosensors, implantable human motion devices, and wound-healing membranes), food preservation (meat, fruits, and fish oil), pharmaceutical (empty capsule shell), environmental remediation (removal and degradation of diverse water pollutants), anti-corrosion, and textiles. According to the evidence, protein–TiO2 hybrid composites exhibited potential applications; however, standardized protocols for their preparation are needed for industrial-scale implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings)
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