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12 pages, 3172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shielding Effectiveness Measurements of Drywall Panel Coated with Biochar Layers

by Patrizia Savi, Giuseppe Ruscica, Davide di Summa and Isabella Natali Sora

Electronics 2022, 11(15), 2312; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11152312 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a critical issue in civil applications generally solved with metal screens. In recent years, the properties of many composite materials filled with carbon nanotubes or graphene or materials with a carbon-based coating have been analysed with the [...] Read more.

Shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a critical issue in civil applications generally solved with metal screens. In recent years, the properties of many composite materials filled with carbon nanotubes or graphene or materials with a carbon-based coating have been analysed with the aim of using them for electromagnetic shielding applications. Among other carbon materials, biochar, derived from biomass and characterized by high carbon content, emerges as a sustainable, renewable, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive material. In this paper, commercial biochar thermally treated at 750 °C is used to coat with several layers common building components such as drywall panel. Shielding effectiveness is measured in the frequency band 1–18 GHz for normal incidence and skew angles 10, 20 and 30 deg in a full anechoic chamber with double ridged, vertically and horizontally polarized broadband horn antennas. The results show that the proposed biochar-coated drywall panels provide a good shielding effectiveness compared to similar solutions, with the advantage of a less expensive and easier to realize building material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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12 pages, 3321 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Increasing EMI Immunity and Linearity of a CMOS 180 nm Voltage-to-Delay Converter

by Anna Richelli, Luigi Colalongo and Federico Angelo Bosio

Electronics 2022, 11(8), 1177; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11081177 - 7 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1646

Abstract

This paper presents a voltage-controlled delay unit (VCDU) with a novel architecture allowing for a wide input range of linearity and an improved immunity to electromagnetic interferences. The circuit is based on a current-starved inverter with a biasing technique to extend the input [...] Read more.

This paper presents a voltage-controlled delay unit (VCDU) with a novel architecture allowing for a wide input range of linearity and an improved immunity to electromagnetic interferences. The circuit is based on a current-starved inverter with a biasing technique to extend the input voltage range of linearity near to the rail-to-rail linearity range. The proposed scheme was designed by UMC 180 nm standard CMOS process and works without power-hungry amplifiers or comparators. It has a voltage supply of 1.8 V and exhibits a rail-to-rail linearity range (0–1.8 V) with an average EMI-induced jitter of only 1% of the nominal delay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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24 pages, 4413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Space Imaging Sensor Power Supply Filtering: Improving EMC Margin Assessment with Clustering and Sensitivity Analyses

by Laurent Patier and Sébastien Lalléchère

Electronics 2021, 10(18), 2301; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10182301 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

This work is dedicated to the assessment of the filtering performances of an optoelectronic sensor for space applications. Particular care is taken concerning the power supply subsystem (here voltage shifter integrated circuit), which is part of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance of an [...] Read more.

This work is dedicated to the assessment of the filtering performances of an optoelectronic sensor for space applications. Particular care is taken concerning the power supply subsystem (here voltage shifter integrated circuit), which is part of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance of an imaging equipment embedded on spacecrafts. The proposed methodology aims at two major targets: First, evaluating the Filter Effectiveness (FE) subject concerning varying parameters (including filter topology, parasitic effects and source/load impedance variations); second, quantifying the relative importance of representative equivalent electrical components through sensitivity analyses (nominal and parasitic values). The latter point is of utmost importance considering the expected versatility of such systems, such as manufacturing tolerances, for instance. Nominal values and/or components are often badly defined for confidentiality reasons, lack of knowledge or pure ignorance of inputs. An analytical deterministic formulation (here through the transfer matrix approach) is proposed and completed with an original stochastic strategy (Reduced Order Clustering, ROC). This ensures the reliable assessment of both statistical filter performances and most influential parameters, jointly with computational resources saving relatively to brute force Monte Carlo simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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20 pages, 7681 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Digital Suppression of EMI-Induced Errors in a Baseband Acquisition Front-End including Off-the-Shelf, EMI-Sensitive Operational Amplifiers

by Paolo Crovetti and Francesco Musolino

Electronics 2021, 10(17), 2096; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10172096 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2479

Abstract

In this paper, the susceptibility to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) of an analog signal acquisition front-end (AFE) due to EMI distortion in opamp-based pre-conditioning amplifiers is addressed. More specifically, the possibility to correct EMI-induced errors in the digital domain by post-processing the acquired digital [...] Read more.

In this paper, the susceptibility to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) of an analog signal acquisition front-end (AFE) due to EMI distortion in opamp-based pre-conditioning amplifiers is addressed. More specifically, the possibility to correct EMI-induced errors in the digital domain by post-processing the acquired digital waveforms is discussed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time with reference to an AFE based on EMI-sensitive, off-the-shelf operational amplifiers mounted on a specific EMI test PCB. Extensive experimental characterization in the presence of continuous wave and amplitude modulated EMI reveals the superior immunity to EMI of the proposed AFE and the robustness of the approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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14 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specifying Power Filter Insertion Loss Values in Terms of Electromagnetic Safety of IT Equipment

by Leszek Nowosielski, Bartosz Dudziński, Rafał Przesmycki and Marek Bugaj

Electronics 2021, 10(16), 2041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10162041 - 23 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2010

Abstract

At present, one of the main methods of minimizing risk resulting from electromagnetic information leakage is to attenuate the undesired levels of radiated and conducted disturbances generated by IT equipment, as these disturbances can carry information processed by said equipment. Attenuation of conducted [...] Read more.

At present, one of the main methods of minimizing risk resulting from electromagnetic information leakage is to attenuate the undesired levels of radiated and conducted disturbances generated by IT equipment, as these disturbances can carry information processed by said equipment. Attenuation of conducted compromising emissions is most commonly handled with filters with a sufficiently high insertion loss. This article defines an original analytical relation specifying insertion loss value requirements for mains filters and estimates values of parameters included in the defined relation. Furthermore, this defined relation was used to define requirements for insertion loss provided by the mains filters, above which the ratio value of potentially compromising conducted emission levels to the environmental noise level at the infiltrating system input S/N < 0 dB. As a consequence, electromagnetic infiltration is significantly impeded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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13 pages, 15597 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Effect of EMI Generated from Spread-Spectrum-Modulated SiC-Based Buck Converter on the G3-PLC Channel

by Waseem El Sayed, Piotr Lezynski, Robert Smolenski, Niek Moonen, Paolo Crovetti and Dave W. P. Thomas

Electronics 2021, 10(12), 1416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10121416 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4262

Abstract

Power line communication (PLC) is increasingly emerging as an important communication technology for the smart-grid environment. As PLC systems use the existing infrastructure, they are always exposed to conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) from switching mode power converters, which need to be tightly controlled [...] Read more.

Power line communication (PLC) is increasingly emerging as an important communication technology for the smart-grid environment. As PLC systems use the existing infrastructure, they are always exposed to conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) from switching mode power converters, which need to be tightly controlled to meet EMC regulations and to ensure the proper operation of the PLC system. For this purpose, spread-spectrum modulation (SSM) techniques are widely adopted to decrease the amplitude of the generated EMI from the power converters so as to comply with EMC regulations. In this paper, the influence of a spread-spectrum-modulated SiC-based buck converter on the G3-PLC channel performance is described in terms of channel capacity reduction using the Shannon–Hartley equation. The experimental setup was implemented to emulate a specific coupling path between the power and communication circuits and the channel capacity reduction was evaluated by the Shannon–Hartley equation in several operating scenarios and compared with the measured frame error rate. Based on the obtained results, SSM provides the EMI spectral peak amplitude reduction required to pass the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests, but results in increased EMI-induced channel capacity degradation and increased transmission error rate in PLC systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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21 pages, 6509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study to Resist Conduced Interference from GIS Bus-Charging Currents Switching for Electronic Current Transformer

by Shijun Bai, Fanding Yue, Lincui Zeng, Yi Li, Chuanchuan Wang, Xiaohua Wang and Mingzhe Rong

Electronics 2021, 10(8), 957; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10080957 - 16 Apr 2021

Viewed by 1932

Abstract

In this paper, we study the conducted interference to an electronic current transformer introduced in the process of bus-charging currents which are caused by switching a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) disconnector. To cope with these issues, the EMTP-ATP and Matlab/Simulink software are used [...] Read more.

In this paper, we study the conducted interference to an electronic current transformer introduced in the process of bus-charging currents which are caused by switching a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) disconnector. To cope with these issues, the EMTP-ATP and Matlab/Simulink software are used to carry out equivalent modeling simulations and experimental research, respectively. More specifically, the very fast transient current generated by disconnector switching (DS) is used as the input source of the equivalent simulation model of the Rogowski coil, and the characteristics of conducted interference waveforms of the Rogowski coil, the active integrator and filter outputs under single and multiple breakdowns are analyzed step by step. Moreover, several anti-interference methods are proposed to improve the resistance to the high-voltage and high-frequency conducted interference for the Rogowski coil, such as reducing the Rogowski cut-off frequency, increasing the transient voltage suppressor (TVS), active filter, and Cy capacitor. Besides, the study also reveals that the residual charge of the integral capacitor will discharge with a time constant τ = 1 s after arc quenching with the first-order discharge circuit, which is composed of the feedback resistance and the integral capacitor C. Lastly, the experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the modeling method proposed in this paper and the effectiveness of anti-interference measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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18 pages, 5855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the ESD Reconstruction Methodology Based on Current Probe Measurements and Frequency Response Compensation for Different ESD Generators and Severity Test Levels

by Panagiotis K. Papastamatis, Evangelos A. Paliatsos, Ioannis F. Gonos and Ioannis A. Stathopulos

Electronics 2021, 10(6), 728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10060728 - 19 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2799

Abstract

System-level electrostatic discharge testing according to IEC 61000-4-2 has been the main standardized electrostatic discharge immunity testing procedure for the last few decades. The correlation between a failed test result and the injected electrostatic discharge current waveform characteristics, as well as the reduced [...] Read more.

System-level electrostatic discharge testing according to IEC 61000-4-2 has been the main standardized electrostatic discharge immunity testing procedure for the last few decades. The correlation between a failed test result and the injected electrostatic discharge current waveform characteristics, as well as the reduced reproducibility of the standard methodology, have always concerned product manufacturers and test engineers. In an effort to accurately reconstruct the electrostatic discharge current during immunity testing, researchers are focusing more and more on the usability of current probes in capturing the injected current in “real time”. In this article, the results of a proposed methodology, based on current probe measurements and a frequency response compensation method, published in recent bibliography, for different test levels and electrostatic discharge generators are presented, aiming to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the method, investigate its universal applicability, and introduce points of future work toward the current reconstruction during system-level electrostatic discharge testing effort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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Review

Jump to: Research

12 pages, 3874 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Conducted Emission for Multiple Compact Fluorescent Lamps in Various Grid Topology

by Lok Choon Long, Waseem El Sayed, Venkatkumar Munesswaran, Niek Moonen, Robert Smolenski and Piotr Lezynski

Electronics 2021, 10(18), 2258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10182258 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2077

Abstract

This paper presents the measurement of aggregated conducted emission in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 150 kHz produced by multiple compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and how it equates to a multiple power converter system. Discrepancies in peak emission measurement results related [...] Read more.

This paper presents the measurement of aggregated conducted emission in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 150 kHz produced by multiple compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and how it equates to a multiple power converter system. Discrepancies in peak emission measurement results related to this application are illustrated to understand the underlying issue related to volatility of frequency components. Furthermore, this knowledge analyzes the relation of electromagnetic disturbances with respect to different topological network connections. The final presented results constitute theoretical description and statistical information about the characteristics of conducted emission measured in this multi-converter system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, Volume II)

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