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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 21238

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Dr. Arne Wickenbrock

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Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany
Interests: dark matter and exotic physics; nonlinear magneto- and electro-optics; atomic magnetometry; NV-diamond: physics and applications; biomagnetism; cavity quantum electrodynamics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent years have seen the rise of quantum technologies, and the political initiative to bring these technologies into industrial application is strong. Eddy-current detection with conventional coil-based sensing is a well-established technology with numerous applications; however, a wealth of new sensing modalities has recently been demonstrated using atomic or color-center-based magnetometers. The improved sensitivity and bandwidth of these devices promise potential gains, especially in the low frequency regime, enabling a plethora of novel applications.

Dr. Arne Wickenbrock
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Sensors
Nondestructive evaluation
Atomic magnetometry
Color-center-based magnetometers
Biomagnetism
Electrodynamics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 7885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Battery Characterization via Eddy-Current Imaging with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

by Xue Zhang, Georgios Chatzidrosos, Yinan Hu, Huijie Zheng, Arne Wickenbrock, Alexej Jerschow and Dmitry Budker

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3069; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11073069 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3669

Abstract

Sensitive and accurate diagnostic technologies with magnetic sensors are of great importance for identifying and localizing defects of rechargeable solid batteries using noninvasive detection. We demonstrate a microwave-free alternating current (AC) magnetometry method with negatively charged NV centers in diamond based on a cross-relaxation feature between nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and individual substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers occurring at 51.2 mT. We apply the technique to non-destructively image solid-state batteries. By detecting the eddy-current-induced magnetic field of the battery, we distinguish a defect on the external electrode and identify structural anomalies within the battery body. The achieved spatial resolution is μμμ

360 μ m

. The maximum magnetic field and phase shift generated by the battery at the modulation frequency of 5 kHz are estimated as 0.04 mT and 0.03 rad respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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8 pages, 2162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Online Solid-State Battery Diagnostics with Optically Pumped Magnetometers

by Yinan Hu, Geoffrey Z. Iwata, Lykourgos Bougas, John W. Blanchard, Arne Wickenbrock, Gerhard Jakob, Stephan Schwarz, Clemens Schwarzinger, Alexej Jerschow and Dmitry Budker

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7864; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10217864 - 6 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3716

Abstract

Solid-state battery technology is motivated by the desire to deliver flexible power storage in a safe and efficient manner. The increasingly widespread use of batteries from mass production facilities highlights the need for a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool for identifying battery defects. We demonstrate the use of atomic magnetometry to measure the magnetic fields around miniature solid-state battery cells. These fields encode information about battery manufacturing defects, state of charge, and impurities, and they can provide important insights into battery aging processes. Compared with SQUID-based magnetometry, the availability of atomic magnetometers, however, highlights the possibility of constructing a low-cost, portable, and flexible implementation of battery quality control and characterization technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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12 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Synchronous Spin-Exchange Optically Pumped NMR-Gyroscope

by Susan S. Sorensen, Daniel A. Thrasher and Thad G. Walker

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7099; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10207099 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2655

Abstract

Inertial navigation systems generally consist of timing, acceleration, and orientation measurement units. Although much progress has been made towards developing primary timing sources such as atomic clocks, acceleration and orientation measurement units often require calibration. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) gyroscopes, which rely on continuous measurement of the simultaneous Larmor precession of two co-located polarized noble gases, can be configured to have scale factors that depend to first order only on fundamental constants. The noble gases are polarized by spin-exchange collisions with co-located optically pumped alkali-metal atoms. The alkali-metal atoms are also used to detect the phase of precession of the polarized noble gas nuclei. Here we present a version of an NMR gyroscope designed to suppress systematic errors from the alkali-metal atoms. We demonstrate rotation rate angle random walk (ARW) sensitivity of

16 μ Hz / \sqrt{Hz}

and bias instability of ∼800 nHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inductive Imaging of the Concealed Defects with Radio-Frequency Atomic Magnetometers

by P. Bevington, R. Gartman and W. Chalupczak

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6871; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10196871 - 30 Sep 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

We explore the capabilities of the radio-frequency atomic magnetometers in the non-destructive detection of concealed defects. We present results from the systematic magnetic inductive measurement of various defect types in an electrically conductive object at different rf field frequencies (0.4–12 kHz) that indicate the presence of an optimum operational frequency of the sensor. The optimum in the frequency dependence of the amplitude/phase contrast for defects under a 0.5–1.5 mm conductive barrier was observed within the 1–2 kHz frequency range. The experiments are performed in the self-compensated configuration that automatically removes the background signal created by the rf field producing object response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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11 pages, 3077 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Electromagnetic Induction Imaging with Atomic Magnetometers: Progress and Perspectives

by Luca Marmugi and Ferruccio Renzoni

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10186370 - 13 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3571

Abstract

Electromagnetic induction imaging (EMI) allows mapping of the conductivity of target objects and, when combined with appropriate algorithms, the generation of full 3D tomographic images. Despite its tremendous potential, and the wealth of possible applications, the use of EMI has essentially been limited to eddy current testing for monitoring of corrosion and welding in metallic structures. The present work reviews the factors hindering the progress of electromagnetic induction imaging and highlights how the use of atomic magnetometers overcame some of them, opening the path to real world applications of EMI. Perspectives for further developments are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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28 pages, 5808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of an IoT-Oriented Strain Smart Sensor with Exploratory Capabilities on Energy Harvesting and Magnetorheological Elastomer Transducers

by Jorge de-J. Lozoya-Santos, L. C. Félix-Herrán, Juan C. Tudón-Martínez, Adriana Vargas-Martinez and Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10124387 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

This work designed and implemented a new low-cost, Internet of Things-oriented, wireless smart sensor prototype to measure mechanical strain. The research effort explores the use of smart materials as transducers, e.g., a magnetorheological elastomer as an electrical-resistance sensor, and a cantilever beam with piezoelectric sensors to harvest energy from vibrations. The study includes subsequent and validated results with a magnetorheological elastomer transducer that contained multiwall carbon nanotubes with iron particles, generated voltage tests from an energy-harvesting system that functions with an array of piezoelectric sensors embedded in a rubber-based cantilever beam, wireless communication to send data from the sensor’s central processing unit towards a website that displays and stores the handled data, and an integrated manufactured prototype. Experiments showed that electrical-resistivity variation versus measured strain, and the voltage-generation capability from vibrations have the potential to be employed in smart sensors that could be integrated into commercial solutions to measure strain in automotive and aircraft systems, and civil structures. The reported experiments included cloud-computing capabilities towards a potential Internet of Things application of the smart sensor in the context of monitoring automotive-chassis vibrations and airfoil damage for further analysis and diagnostics, and in general structural-health-monitoring applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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20 pages, 4784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Piezoelectric Transducer-Based Integrated Structural Health Monitoring System for Impact Monitoring and Impedance Measurement

by Ziyi Guo, Tianxiang Huang and Kai-Uwe Schröder

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 2062; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10062062 - 18 Mar 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2596

Abstract

Structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, which are also considered as online nondestructive testing methods, are significant in modern structural engineering due to their ability to guarantee structure safety while reducing maintenance cost. It is often necessary to combine different SHM methods to achieve a more reliable damage detection result. However, the hardware of the SHM systems is usually expensive, bulky, and heavy when they are designed separately. Therefore, this paper proposes a three-layer architecture for designing an integrated multi-function SHM system to achieve a small, lightweight, and low power consumption SHM system. Based on the architecture, an integrated SHM system with impact monitoring and electromechanical impedance measurement is developed. In addition, a scheduling module is developed to manage the two functions of the system. Furthermore, an integrated interface is developed to transfer the data and the command. Then, an integrated printed circuit board is designed and manufactured to achieve the aforementioned functions. The designed system is applied for impact monitoring and damage detection for a supporting structure of a sailplane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sensors for Nondestructive Evaluation)

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