Agricultural Crop Diversity of Kashmir Valley †
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Biological Diversity, Ecology and Evolution, 15–31 March 2021; Available online: https://bdee2021.sciforum.net/ .
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2021, 2(1), 30; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/BDEE2021-09396
Published: 3 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Biological Diversity, Ecology and Evolution)
Abstract
:Agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy in general, and Kashmir’s economy in particular. It has an enormous potential for future growth and job creation. Kashmir has been home to diverse agricultural crops, both Kharif and Rabi. Rice, the people’s staple food, has been the most important crop cultivated in Kashmir, followed by maize and wheat, because of comparative benefits such as the ability to grow it in a wide range of habitats, simple cultivation requirements, easier processing, nutritional characteristics, and taste. The present study revealed that 75 crop species belonging to 58 genera and 18 families were cultivated in Kashmir valley. These crops include cereals, pseudo cereals, cash crops, vegetables, oilseeds, and fodder crops.
1. Introduction
Agriculture is the most important occupation of the people of Kashmir valley. Even those engaged in other sectors depend on agriculture for raw material [1]. The state is occupied mostly by mountainous terrain, of which only about 30% is under cultivation [2]. The hilly and mountainous areas differ from the plains in topography, elevation, and the physiographic diversity of habitats for flora and fauna. The hilly areas are generally farmed with grass, herbs, shrubs, maize, pulses, and wheat to some extent [3]. Agricultural crops like rice, wheat, pulses, oil seeds, and vegetables are grown on the plains of valley. Agricultural growth is important for any region to alleviate rural poverty, ensure food security, and create job opportunities for people living in rural and urban areas [4]. Kashmir valley is a NW–SE oriented elongated trough located in the northwest. The region witnessed drastic land use and land cover changes mainly as a result of the increase in population size, economic growth, changes in agriculture practices, and execution of different development projects particularly during the last three decades [5]. Agriculture has been a predominant sector in this region, providing support to a majority of the population. Agricultural growth is essential for any region to alleviate rural poverty, ensure food security, and create job opportunities for people living in rural and urban areas. Agriculture is the mainstay of the region’s economy as about 70% of its population is directly or indirectly associated with agriculture and allied activities [4]. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is fundamentally divided into two parts, namely Jammu division and Kashmir division, and each division has its own distinct geographical outlook for its respective agro-climatic zones which, in turn, determines their cropping pattern and productivity [6]. Kashmir is well known for its paddy crop, followed by maize, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, fodder, and wheat, whereas in Jammu region, the most grown crop is wheat, followed by maize, paddy, pulses, oilseeds, pseudo-cereals, etc. [7]. Kashmir also has the monopoly and GI tag for its saffron crop, which is famous all over the world for its quality. It is cultivated in Pulwama district, which is located at a distance of 15 kms from the capital city [8]. The cropping pattern of a region reveals the proportion of land area under different crops at a point of time, the rotation of crops, and the area under double cropping [9]. The cropping pattern changes with space and time. In fact, no cropping pattern can be good and ideal for all time to come. Cropping system is based on climate, soil, and water availability [10], and needs to evolve the fully realize potential production levels through efficient use of available resources [11]. The main aim of the cropping pattern system is to produce enough food for one’s family, fodder for the cattle, and generate sufficient cash income for domestic and cultivation expenses [12]. The aim of the present study is to document agricultural crops growing in the valley for food, fodder, and other purposes.
2. Study Area
Though geologically younger, the Kashmir valley forms a part of the main Himalayan range. The physical limits of the Kashmir valley coincide with the drainage basin of Jhelum River. Kashmir is a meso-geographical region with an area of around 15,948 km2. Topographically, the valley depicts an elliptical bowl-shaped character, encapsulated between the mighty Pir Panjal range in its south and southwest, and the great Himalayan range in the north and east [2]. The mountain ranges rise to a height of about 5550 m in the northeast and dip down to a height of 2770 m in the south. The valley of Kashmir (Figure 1) stretches between 32°22′ to 34°43′ N latitude and 73°52′ to 75°42′ E longitude [13]. Within the Himalayas, the Kashmir valley has a discrete geographical and distinct physiographic personality. The valley can be divided into four broad physiographic divisions: the mountains, the foothills, the Karewas, and the valley. The main river is Jhelum, and its tributaries are prominent rivers of the valley. The Kashmir valley consists of Budgam, Bandipora, Anantnag, Baramulla, Ganderbal, Kulgam, Pulwama, Kupwara, Shopian, and Srinagar district. All those areas were surveyed during the present study.
3. Materials and Methods
During the year 2016–2017, regular field surveys were carried out in different areas of Kashmir valley to collect data on the category of crops cultivated, their vernacular name(s), growing season, and usage. During the field survey, various parameters such as habit, fruit type, flowering phenology, and life span were recorded. The part/parts of the crops used for consumption were recorded through interactions with the local people. Further, the surveys were conducted in the markets to gather valuable information on the edible part(s) of commercially important crops. The SKUAST-K and many off-field stations were visited for data collection pertaining to the current study. The native geographical range of the plant species were obtained from all possible available sources [14], including specialized Internet web pages [15] and already published similar works [16].
4. Results
The present study revealed that the agricultural crops of Kashmir comprised 75 plant species belonging to 52 genera and 18 families (Table 1). The largest number of plant species belong to the family Fabaceae (18), followed by Brassicaceae (9). The life span (Figure 2) depicted that annuals comprised 78.7% and biennials were least with 10.7%. The agricultural crops were sown and harvested differentially according to their growing seasons (Figure 3). The study highlighted that a majority of crops (37.3% crops) were sown and harvested from June to July, and the least proportion (1.3% crops) were sown and harvested from June to October. Percentage of part(s) used derived from different agricultural crops (Figure 4) and the species from which the part(s) derived (Figure 5). The present study showed that the seed (29.3%) is a frequently palatable plant part. Category of crop derivatives (number and percentage) used for daily livelihood (Figure 6). Crop types, number and percentage of different agricultural crops based on their sowing and harvest (Figure 7). Kharif crops comprises 45, Rabi comprises 12, and Zaid comprises 7 species. The percentage-wise nativity of different agricultural crops growing in Kashmir valley (Figure 8) depicted that Europe has the highest number of agricultural crop species at 21.3%. Different types of fruits obtained from different agricultural crops (Figure 9) revealed that pod (legume) is the prominent fruit type. An inventory of different agricultural crops growing in Kashmir valley (botanical name, common name, flowering/fruiting, fruit type and nativity) has been prepared, as shown in Table 1.
5. Discussion
Three important food crops, namely, rice, maize, and wheat, constitute a major portion of the food grains produced in Kashmir valley. Kashmir region also has the monopoly in terms of saffron crop (famous all over the world due to its quality) [17]. Although cropping activity goes on through the year in some districts, there are two distinct seasons i.e., Kharif (monsoon crops—sown at the beginning of monsoon and harvested at the end of monsoon) and Rabi (winter crops—sown at the beginning of the winter season and harvested at the end of winter). The Kharif season is related to rainfall; if it is good, the crop response will be good, but on the other hand, if the rainfall is unfavorable, the crop response will be poor e.g., rice, maize, pulses, and fodder [18]. The Rabi season is marked by the onset of winter, when the temperature starts coming down. Irrigation plays a very important role in this season. In Rabi season, when the temperature is relatively low, the crops grown in this region are wheat, pulses (gram, peas, masur), fodder, mustard, and potato, among other vegetables [19]. Kashmir is one of the major saffron-producing regions in the world. Crown in the Karewas of Kashmir, it is an important cash crop that provides employment to about 5 per cent of the total rural workforce in the valley [9]. The valuable “golden” spice is known as “Kum Kum” and “Kesar” in Sanskrit and “Koung” in the Kashmiri language. At present, the crop is being cultivated in some areas of the adjoining districts of Srinagar, Ganderbal, Budgam, Shopian, Anantnag, Bhaderwah, and Kulgam. However, the Pampore area of Pulwama district is still considered as the main hub of saffron cultivation [9].
6. Conclusions
The present study helps to understand the pattern of crop production in Kashmir valley, the types of crops, their life span, flowering phenology, and nativity. It also provides a useful inventory of documented agricultural crops with their vernacular name and edible part(s) consumed by locals. The visualization and analysis of data provide an easy understanding of the different parameters related to crop species. In order to sustain the continuous escalation in crop productivity, there is a need to document the inventory of agricultural crops in every region, so that agricultural crops can be prioritized. Important staple crops were analyzed in the present study to obtain their important attributes, including nativity, growing season, life span, and part(s) used, so as to facilitate proper management and increase their production and value. The Kashmir valley experiences demarcated seasons with harsh winters, which makes for a distinct cropping pattern with two growing seasons—Kharif and Rabi. The former is related to rainfall, and if plentiful, the crop response and yield will be good and vice versa. The Rabi season is marked by the onset of harsh winters.
Author Contributions
Data collection, Methodology, Conceptualization, Writing original draft, S.A.Z.; Software visualization, Investigation, Validation Writing review, Curation and Analysis, T.I.; Writing review, Editing and Preparing the final manuscript, J.A.M.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
All the data were obtained ethically, and no human or animal was involved in any experiment.
Informed Consent Statement
All the data were obtained on a consent basis, and no human or animal was harmed to conduct the present study.
Data Availability Statement
We have incorporated all the data in the manuscript via tables and figures. So, no supplementary data are attached.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, for providing good facilities to conduct this study. The authors are also highly thankful to all the colleagues who provided valuable comments on the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
Authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.
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Figure 1.
Map showing the selected study sites across Kashmir valley.
Figure 2.
Life span of various agriculture crops in Kashmir valley.
Figure 3.
Pie chart showing the number and percentage of agricultural crops growing in different seasons.
Figure 3.
Pie chart showing the number and percentage of agricultural crops growing in different seasons.
Figure 4.
Percentage-wise part(s) derived from agricultural crops.
Figure 5.
Part (s) used from associated plant species.
Figure 6.
Number and percentage of crop categories used in daily life.
Figure 7.
Type, number, and percentage of agricultural crops based on sowing and harvest.
Figure 8.
Percentage-wise nativity of agricultural crops growing in Kashmir valley.
Figure 9.
Different types of fruits obtained from agricultural crops.
Table 1.
Inventory of agricultural crops growing in Kashmir valley.
| Plant Name | Common Name | Family | Life Cycle | Part Used | Crop Type | Nativity | Usage | Phenology | Fruit Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench | Bhindi | Malvaceae | Annual | Fruit | Kharif | Native | Vegetable | May-June | Capsule |
| Allium cepa var. aggregatum G.Don | Ganda | Amaryllidaceae | Annual | Stem | Kharif | Africa, Europe | Vegetable | September-October | Capsule |
| Allium sativum L | Rohan | Amaryllidaceae | Annual | Stem | Kharif | Central Asia | Vegetable | September-October | Capsule |
| Amaranthus blitum L. | do | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Southern America | Pseudocereal | May-June | Utricle |
| Amaranthus caudatus L. | Ganhar/lissa | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Southern America | Pseudocereal | July-August | Utricle |
| Amaranthus hybridus L. | do | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Northern America | Pseudocereal | July-August | Utricle |
| Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. | do | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Southern America | Pseudocereal | July-August | Utricle |
| Atriplex hortensis L. | Wasta-haak | Chenopodiaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Europe | Vegetable | September-October | Nut/Achene |
| Avena byzantina K.Koch | Khasel | Poaceae | Annual | Whole plant | Others | Turkey | Fodder | June-July | Pod |
| Beta vulgaris L. | Chokander | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Root and leaves | Kharif | Europe | Pulses | September-October | Utricle |
| Brassica oleracea L. Var fimbriata | Multani/Arbi-Haak | Brassicaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Europe | Vegetable | November-December | Lomentum |
| Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC. | Khanyari haak | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Leaves | Kharif | Native | Vegetable | November-December | Lomentum |
| Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. | Phhol gobi | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Inflorescence | Kharif | China | Vegetable | November-December | Lomentum |
| Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. | Bandh Gobi | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Leaves | Kharif | China | Vegetable | November-December | Lomentum |
| Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. | KholRabi | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Leaves | Kharif | China | Vegetable | November-December | Lomentum |
| Brassica oleracea var. kashmiriana Naqshi & Javeid | Hanz-Haak | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Leaves | Kharif | Native | Vegetable | November-December | Lomentum |
| Brassica rapa subsp. campestris (L) A.R.Clapham | Tilgogal | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Seeds and leaves | Kharif | Fodder/Food | November-December | Lomentum | |
| Brassica. rapa (Linn) Var. rapa L. | do | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Seed | Rabi | Italy | Oil Seed/Fodder | November-December | Lomentum |
| Cajanus cajan (Linn) Mill. | Arhar | Leguminaceae | Annual | Whole plant | Rabi | Native | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Punjaeb martswangun | Solanaceae | Annual | Fruit | Kharif | Northern America | Fodder/Food | May-June | Berry |
| Capsicum fructescens L. | Kashur -Martswangun | Solanaceae | Annual | Fruit | Kharif | Northern America | Vegetable | May-June | Berry |
| Celosia argentea (Lin) Var. cristata Kuntze | Moual | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Seed | Others | Native | Vegetable | May-June | Utricle |
| Chenopodium album L. | do | Chenopodiaceae | Annual | Whole plant | Others | Europe | Fodder | August-September | Nut/Achene |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | Daniwal | Apiaceae | Annual | Leaves and fruit | Kharif | Europe | Spices | June -july | Cremocarp |
| Crocus sativus L. | Kong | Iridaceae | Annual | Flower | Kharif | Europe | Spices | September-October | |
| Cucumis sativus L. | Laer | Cucurbitaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Native | Vegetable | June-July | Pepo |
| Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | Gol-all | Cucurbitaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Southern America | Vegetable | June-July | Pepo |
| Cucurbita moschata Duchesne | Kashir all | Cucurbitaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Mexico | Vegetable | June-July | Pepo |
| Cuminum cyminum L. | Zuir | Apiaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Europe | Spices | June -July | Cremocarp |
| Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. | Gazzer | Apiaceae | Annual | Root and leaves | Kharif | Africa, Europe | Vegetable/Fodder | June-July | Cremocarp |
| Fagopyrum esculentum Moench | Trumb | Polygonaceae | Annual | Whole plant | Rabi | Europe | Fodder/Food | May-June | Achene |
| Fagopyrum kashmirianum A.H.Munshi | do | Polygonaceae | Annual | Whole plant | Rabi | Native | Fodder/Food | May-June | Achene |
| Fagopyrum tataricum (L.)Gaertn. | do | Polygonaceae | Annual | Whole plant | Rabi | East Asia, Europe | Fodder/Food | May-June | Achene |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Badiyan | Apiaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Europe | Spices | September-October | Cremocarp |
| Glycine max (Linn) Merrill | Gabi muth | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | China | Oil Seed/Fodder | August-September | Pod |
| Helianthus annuus L. | Gule aftaab | Asteraceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Northern America | Oil Seed/Fodder | September-October | Achene |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | Wushka | Poaceae | Annual | Fruit | Rabi | Native | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Backer | Bumai posh | Hydrocharitaceae | Perennial | Leaves | Others | Europe | Fodder | August-September | Berry |
| Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. | Aal | Cucurbitaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Africa | Vegetable | June-July | Pepo |
| Lathyrus odoratus L. | do | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Rabi | Europe | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Lens culinaris Medic. | do | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Rabi | Asia | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Linum usitatissimum L. | Masur | Linaceae | Annual | Seed | Rabi | Africa, Europe | Pulses | June-July | Pod |
| Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. | Tarela | Cucurbitaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Europe | Vegetable | June -July | Pepo |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | Ruwangun | Solanaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Southern America | Vegetable | July-August | Berry |
| Malva sylvestris L. | Baghe sostal | Malvaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Europe | Fodder/Food | June-July | Capsule |
| Malva verticillata L. | do | Malvaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Europe | Fodder/Food | June-July | Capsule |
| Medicago sativa L. | Luecurene | Leguminosae | Perennial | Whole plant | Others | Africa, Europe | Fodder | June-July | Pod |
| Melilotus indica (L.). All | do | Leguminosae | Perennial | Whole plant | Others | Africa, Europe | Fodder | June-July | Pod |
| Mentha x piperita L | Pudna | Malvaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Africa, Europe | Condiment | August-September | Nutlets |
| Momordica charantia L. | Karela | Cucurbitaceae | Annual | Fruit | Zaid | Africa, Europe | Vegetable | June-July | Pepo |
| Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | Nadur | Nelumbonaceae | Perennial | Stem | Others | Africa, East Asia | Food/Fodder | June-July | Etaerio of achenes |
| Nymphaea alba L. | do | Nymphaeaceae | Perennial | Leaves and fruit | Others | Native | Fodder | August-September | Caryopsis |
| Oryza sativa L. | Dhani | Poaceae | Annual | Fruit | Kharif | China | Fodder/Food | September-October | Caryopsis |
| Panicum miliaceum L. | Pingha | Poaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Africa, Europe | Fodder/Food | June-October | Caryopsis |
| Papaver somniferum L. | Kash kash | Papaveraceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Europe | Condiment | June-July | Porose Capsule |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. | Subaz Razma | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Central America | Fodder/Food | June-July | Pod |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Farsh beans | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Southern America | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Pisum sativum L. | Matar/Kare | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Africa | Fodder/Food | August-September | Pod |
| Raphanus sativus L. | Muj | Brassicaceae | Biennial | Root/Leaves | Rabi | Africa, Europe | Vegetable | June-July | Lomentum |
| Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. | Shol | Poaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Africa | Fodder | July-August | Caryopsis |
| Solanum melongena L. | Wangun | Solanaceae | Annual | Fruit | Kharif | Asia | Vegetable | June-July | Berry |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | Aalou | Solanaceae | Annual | Stem | Rabi | Southern America | Vegetable | June-July | Berry |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Palak | Amaranthaceae | Annual | Leaves | Kharif | Asia | Vegetable | June-July | Utricle |
| Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague | do | Apiaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Southern America | Pulses | June-July | Schizocarp |
| Trifolium alexandrinum L. | Berseem | Leguminaceae | Perennial | Whole plant | Others | Africa, Europe | Fodder | June-July | Pod |
| Trifolium fragiferum L. | do | Leguminaceae | Perennial | Whole plant | Others | Africa, Europe | Fodder | June-July | Pod |
| Trifolium pratense L. | Posh Gase | Leguminaceae | Perennial | Whole plant | Others | Africa, Europe | Fodder | June-July | Pod |
| Trigonella foenum graecum L. | Meth | Leguminacaeae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Africa, Europe | Spices | June-July | Pod |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Kanak | Poaceae | Annual | Fruit | Rabi | Africa, Europe | Fodder/Food | August-September | Caryopsis |
| Vicia faba L. | Bagla | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Africa, Europe | Pulses | June-July | Pod |
| Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal | Muth | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Native | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Vigna mungo (Linn.) Hepper | Maha/Urd | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Native | Pulses | August-September | Pod |
| Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek | Mong | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Native | Fodder/Food | August-September | Pod |
| Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Subsp. Sesquipedalis | Asparug | Leguminaceae | Annual | Seed | Kharif | Africa | Fodder/Food | August-September | Pod |
| Zea mays L. | Makai | Poaceae | Annual | Fruit | Kharif | Southern America | Fodder/Food | August-September | Caryopsis |
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Zargar, S.A.; Islam, T.; Magray, J.A. Agricultural Crop Diversity of Kashmir Valley. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2021, 2, 30. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/BDEE2021-09396
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Zargar SA, Islam T, Magray JA. Agricultural Crop Diversity of Kashmir Valley. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2021; 2(1):30. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/BDEE2021-09396
Chicago/Turabian StyleZargar, Shabir A., Tajamul Islam, and Junaid A. Magray. 2021. "Agricultural Crop Diversity of Kashmir Valley" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 2, no. 1: 30. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/BDEE2021-09396
